<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">kigiran</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Oriental Studies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Oriental Studies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2619-0990</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-1008</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science «Kalmyk Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences» (KalmSC RAS)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22162/2619-0990-2020-52-6-1613-1622</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">kigiran-2704</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АРХЕОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARCHEOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Динамика процессов опустынивания в Республике Калмыкия с середины 1980-х гг. до настоящего времени</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Desertification Processes in the Republic of Kalmykia, 1980s–2010s: Dynamics Revisited</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0210-7595</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Очир-Горяева</surname><given-names>Мария Александровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ochir-Goryaeva</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор исторических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sc. (History), Leading Research Associate</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mariaochir@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3053-8226</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Экмайер</surname><given-names>Айлин</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Eckmeier</surname><given-names>Eileen</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e.eckmeier@lmu.de</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вайценэггер</surname><given-names>Виктор</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Weizenegger</surname><given-names>Viktor</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">victor1995@gmx.de</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Калмыцкий научный центр РАН (д. 8, ул. И. К. Илишкина, 358000 Элиста, Российская Федерация)<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., Elista 358000, Russian Federation)<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Мюнхенский университет им. Людвига  Максимилиана (37, Луизенштрассе, 80333 Мюнхен, Германия)<country>Германия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (37, Luisenstrasse, 80333 Munich, Germany)<country>Germany</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>1613</fpage><lpage>1622</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Очир-Горяева М.А., Экмайер А., Вайценэггер В., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Очир-Горяева М.А., Экмайер А., Вайценэггер В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ochir-Goryaeva M.A., Eckmeier E., Weizenegger V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kigiran.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2704">https://kigiran.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2704</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Сельское хозяйство Республики Калмыкия характеризуется преобладанием скотоводства. Но массовое содержание скота привело к чрезмерной нагрузке на пастбища и деградации степного растительного покрова. Материалы и методы. Изучение погребенных почв, сохранившихся под насыпями археологических памятников — курганов, позволяет установить, что в эпоху позднего бронзового века и в эпоху позднего средневековья процессы опустынивания охватывали обширные участки восточноевропейских степей. Однако процессы дезертификации тогда были связаны с глобальной аридизацией климата, охватившей не только степную зону, то есть имели природную основу. Современные процессы опустынивания проходят также на фоне общей аридизации климата, но масштабы и разрушительность усугубляются многокомпонентным антропогенным воздействием, то есть деятельностью человека. Результаты и выводы. В целях количественной оценки был составлен временный ряд снимков дистанционного зондирования датчика Landsat-TM за период с 1985 г. по 2011 г. и статистически оценены производные от него индексы NDVI и TGSI. Результат показывает увеличение растительного покрова для выбранной области исследования, несмотря на то, что годовые температуры в этот же период не снижались, а наоборот, повышались. Таким образом, снижение темпов опустынивания не обусловлено климатически, а является результатом мероприятий по борьбе с опустыниванием.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. In the Republic of Kalmykia, agriculture is characterized by the prevalence of livestock breeding. Still, excessive grazing has resulted in land degradation. Materials. Analysis of buried soils from excavated kurgans reveals that the Late Bronze Age and Late Medieval Period witnessed extensive desertification processes across vast territories of Eastern European steppes. Those trends were determined by global climate aridization traced in other ecosystems too, i.e. were caused by natural changes. Results. Present-day desertification also takes place in the background of universal aridization but its enormous scale and destructiveness are aggravated by multiple anthropogenic impacts, i.e. human activity. For a qualitative assessment, the paper analyzes a time-series of satellite images made by Landsat-TM Earth observing sensor from 1985 to 2011, and makes statistical estimates of related NDVI and TGSI indices. There is an increase in vegetation cover within the investigated area, and this despite the fact that yearly temperatures during the period kept increasing, too. So, the reduced desertification rates have resulted not from favorable climatic factors but rather from purposeful countervailing efforts.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>процессы опустынивания</kwd><kwd>степи</kwd><kwd>Калмыкия</kwd><kwd>методы дистанционного зондирования земли</kwd><kwd>глобальная аридизация</kwd><kwd>палеопочвоведение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>desertification processes</kwd><kwd>steppe</kwd><kwd>Kalmykia</kwd><kwd>Earth observing methods</kwd><kwd>global aridization</kwd><kwd>paleopedology</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Исследование проведено в рамках государственной субсидии — проект «Комплексное исследование процессов общественно-политического и культурного развития народов Юга России» (номер госрегистрации: АААА-А19-119011490038-5). Материалы статьи апробированы на Международной научной онлайн-конференции «Монголоведение в начале XXI в.: современное состояние и перспективы развития‒II», проведенной при финансовой поддержке РФФИ (проект № 20-09-22004) и частичной поддержке гранта Правительства РФ (№ 075-15-2019-1879).</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The reported study was funded by federal government subsidy — project name ‘Socio-Political and Cultural Development of South Russia’s Peoples: Comprehensive Studies of Respective Processes’ (state reg. no. АААА-А19-119011490038-5). The article was presented at the International scientific online conference ‘Mongolian Studies at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Current State and Development Prospects – II’ funded by RFBR (project no. 20-09-22004) and Government of Russia (grant no. 075-15-2019-1879).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bananova, Lazareva 2014 — Bananova V. A., Lazareva V. G. Trends of Changes in the Botanical Diversity under the Influence of Desertification in the Republic of Kalmykia // Arid Ecosystems. 2004. No. 4. Pp. 119–126.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bananova V. A., Lazareva V. G. Trends of changes in the botanical diversity under the influence of desertification in the Republic of Kalmykia. Arid Ecosystems. 2004. No. 4. Pp. 119–126. (In Eng.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cherlet et al. 2018 — Cherlet M., Hutchinson C., Reynolds J., Hill J., Sommer S., von Maltitz G. World Atlas of Desertification. Luxemburg: Publication Office of the European Union, 2018. 239 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borodychev V. V., Dedova E. B., Sazanov M. A. Water resources of the Republic of Kalmykia and measures to improve its water complex. Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2015. No. 41. Pp. 369–373. (In Eng.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Demkin et al. 2010 — Demkin V. A., Borisov A. V., Demkina T. S., Khomutova T. E., Kashirskaya N. N. Evolution of soils and dynamics of the climate of steppes in the southeast of the russian plain during the late eneolithic and bronze ages (fourth to second millennia BC) // Eurasian Soil Science. 2010. No. 43. Pp. 1515–1526.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cherlet M., Hutchinson C., Reynolds J., Hill J., Sommer S., von Maltitz G. World Atlas of Desertification. Luxemburg (Publication Office of the European Union). 2018. 239 p. (In Eng.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gubanova et al. 2018 — Gubanova D. P., Chkhetiani O. G., Kuderina T. M., Iordanskii M. A., Obvintsev Y. I., Artamonova M. S. Experimental Studies of Aerosols in the Atmosphere of Semi-arid Landscapes of Kalmykia: 1. Microphysical Parameters and Mass Concentration of Aerosol Particles // Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. No. 54. Pp. 777–793.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demkin V. A. Soil Science and Archaeology: Integrated Studies in the History of Nature and Society. Pushchino: Pushchino Scientific Center (RAS), 1997. 213 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hölzel et al. 2002 — Hölzel N., Haub C., Ingelfinger M. P., Otte A., Pilipenko V. N. (2002): The return of the steppe — large-scale restoration of degraded land in southern Russia during the post-Soviet era // Journal for Nature Conservation. No. 10. Pp. 75–85. (На англ. яз.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demkin V. A., Borisov A. V., Demkina T. S., Khomutova T. E., Kashirskaya N. N. Evolution of soils and dynamics of the climate of steppes in the southeast of the Russian Plain during the Late Eneolithic and Bronze Ages (fourth to second millennia BC). Eurasian Soil Science. 2010. No. 43. Pp. 1515–1526. (In Eng.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivanov, Perera 1997 — Ivanov A., Perera J. Russia: Europe’s First Desert In The Making. Inter Press Service (IPS) News Service Agency [электронный ресурс] // URL: http://www.ipsnews.net/1997/06/russia-europes-first-desert-in-the-making/ (дата обращения: 20.09.2020).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gubanova D. P., Chkhetiani O. G., Kuderina T. M., Iordanskii M. A., Obvintsev Y. I., Artamonova M. S. Experimental studies of aerosols in the atmosphere of semi-arid landscapes of Kalmykia: 1. Microphysical parameters and mass concentration of aerosol particles. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2018. Vol. 54. No. 8. Pp. 777–793. (In Eng.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smelansky, Tishkov 2012 — Smelansky I. E., Tishkov A. A. The steppe biome in Russia: ecosystem services, conservation status, and actual challenges // Werger M. J. A., van Staalduinen M. A. (ed.) // Eurasian Steppes. Ecological problems and livelihoods in a changing world. Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London: Springer, 2012. Pp. 45–101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hölzel N., Haub C., Ingelfinger M. P., Otte A., Pilipenko V. N. The return of the steppe — large-scale restoration of degraded land in southern Russia during the post-Soviet era. Journal for Nature Conservation. 2002. No. 10. Pp. 75–85. (In Eng.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiao et al. 2006 — Xiao J., Shen Y., Tateishi R., Bayaer W. Development of topsoil grain size index for monitoring desertification in arid land using remote sensing // International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2006. No. 27. Pp. 2411–2422.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov A., Perera J. Russia: Europe’s First Desert In The Making. On: Inter Press Service (IPS) News Service Agency. Available at: http://www.ipsnews.net/1997/06/russia-europes-first-desert-in-the-making/ (accessed: September 20, 2020). (In Eng.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zonn 1995 — Zonn I. S. Desertification in Russia: problems and solutions (an example in the Republic of Kalmykia-KhalmgTangch) // Mouat D. A., Hutchinson C. F. (ed.): Desertification in Developed Countries. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publ., 1995. Pp. 347–363. (На англ. яз.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smelansky I. E., Tishkov A. A. The steppe biome in Russia: ecosystem services, conservation status, and actual challenges. In: Werger M. J. A., van Staalduinen M. A. (eds.) Eurasian Steppes. Ecological Problems and Livelihoods in a Changing World. Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London: Springer, 2012. Pp. 45–101. (In Eng.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бородычев, Дедова, Сазанов 2015 — Бородычев В. В., Дедова Э. Б., Сазанов М. А. Водные ресурсы Республики Калмыкия и мероприятия по совершенствованию водохозяйственного комплекса // Доклады Российской академии сельскохозяйственных наук. 2015. № 4. С. 41–45</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiao J., Shen Y., Tateishi R., Bayaer W. Development of topsoil grain size index for monitoring desertification in arid land using remote sensing. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2006. No. 27. Pp. 2411–2422. (In Eng.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демкин 1997 — Демкин В. А. Почвоведение и археология: интеграция в изучении истории природы и общества. Пущино: ОНТИ ПНЦ РАН, 1997. 213 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakimov A. S., Demkin V. A., Alekseev A. O. Lower Volga Steppes in the Middle Ages, 8th to 14th Centuries AD: Natural Conditions. Moscow: NIA-Priroda, Infosfera Foundation, 2007. 228 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Золотокрылин, Титкова, Уланова, Федорова 2013 — Золотокрылин А. Н., Титкова Т. Б., Уланова С. С., Федорова Н. Л. Наземные и саттелитные исследования пастбищ в Калмыкии, которые отличаются по степени деградации вегетационного слоя // Аридные экосистемы. 2013. Т. 19. № 4 (57). С. 32–39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zolotokrylin A. N., Titkova T. B., Ulanova S. S., Fedorova N. L. Ground-based and satellite investigation of pastures in Kalmykia that vary in degree of vegetation degradation. Arid Ecosystems. 2013. No. 3. Pp. 212–219 (In Eng.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Якимов и др. 2007 — Якимов А. С., Демкин В. А., Алексеев А. О. Природные условия степей Нижнего Поволжья в эпоху средневековья (VIII–XIV вв. н. э.). М.: НИА-Природа, Фонд «Инфосфера», 2007. 228 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zonn I. S. Desertification in Russia: problems and solutions (an example in the Republic of Kalmykia-Khalmg Tangch). In: Mouat D. A., Hutchinson C. F. (eds.) Desertification in Developed Countries. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publ., 1995. Pp. 347–363. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
