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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">kigiran</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Oriental Studies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Oriental Studies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2619-0990</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-1008</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science «Kalmyk Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences» (KalmSC RAS)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22162/2619-0990-2022-64-6-1217-1226</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">kigiran-4043</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ВСЕОБЩАЯ ИСТОРИЯ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Советский геополитический проект в МНР и проблемы демографии в середине 1920-х – начале 1940-х гг.</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Soviet Geopolitical Project in the Mongolian People’s Republic and Demographic Problems: Mid-1920s to Early 1940s</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4300-9403</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Башкуев</surname><given-names>Всеволод Юрьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bashkuev</surname><given-names>Vsevolod Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор исторических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sc. (History), Leading Research Associate</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vbashkuev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-0370</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Миягашева</surname><given-names>Суржана Борисовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Miyagasheva</surname><given-names>Surzhana B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат исторических наук, научный сотрудник</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sc. (History), Research Associate</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">surjana@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт монголоведения, буддологии и тибетологии СО РАН (д. 6, ул. Сахьяновой, 670047 Улан-Удэ, Российская Федерация)<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the RAS (6, Sakhyanova St., 670047 Ulan-Ude, Russian Federation)<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>02</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>1217</fpage><lpage>1226</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Башкуев В.Ю., Миягашева С.Б., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Башкуев В.Ю., Миягашева С.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bashkuev V.Y., Miyagasheva S.B.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kigiran.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4043">https://kigiran.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4043</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Советско-монгольское сотрудничество в области здравоохранения являлось одним из главных компонентов советского проекта модернизации кочевого общества и имело геополитическую подоплеку. Взявшись за строительство института здравоохранения, советское руководство не только приобрело эффективный инструмент «мягкой силы» и нейт­рализовало конкуренцию других медицинских систем, но и создало предпосылки для демографического благополучия МНР в более поздний период. Цель статьи — выделение основных направлений деятельности монгольских и советских врачей в 1920–1940-е гг. для улучшения демографической ситуации в стране. Материалы и методы. Источниковой базой исследования послужили документы из фондов Государственного архива Российской Федерации и Российского государственного архива социально-политической истории, неопубликованные диссертации монгольских и русских врачей. Основу исследования сформировали ретроспективный, сравнительный и геополитический методы. Результаты. В основе демографического неблагополучия Монголии в 1920–1940-х гг. лежали проблемы здоровья населения, были распространены сифилис и гонорея, снижавшие репродуктивную способность и вызывавшие повышенную младенческую смертность, а также имели место традиционные практики родовспоможения и антисанитарный кочевой быт. Демографические проблемы влияли на весь ход социалистической модернизации, тормозя социально-экономическое развитие МНР. Борьба с венерическими болезнями, создание службы охраны материнства и младенчества, развитие системы детских дошкольных учреждений и санитарное обучение женщин создали ранний задел, обеспечивший кардинальные изменения в плане здоровья (health transition). Выводы. Работа советских врачей на раннем этапе развития здравоохранения МНР обеспечила рост демографических показателей МНР в 1940–1960-е гг.: двукратное снижение смертности и повышение рождаемости и 60-кратный прирост населения в промилле. Таким образом, была обеспечена основа реализации комплексного проекта социалистической модернизации МНР, имевшего геополитическое значение как для СССР, так и для Монголии, ставшей после 1961 г. полноправным членом ООН и СЭВ.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. The Soviet-Mongolian public health cooperation was a major component of the Soviet project (with geopolitical motives) aimed at modernizing the nomadic society. The Soviet shaping of Mongolia’s public health institutions not only yielded an efficient tool of soft power and neutralized competition from other medical systems, but also set the stage for the country’s demographic well-being in subsequent periods. Goals. The article aims at highlighting some pivotal points of medical efforts undertaken to improve the MPR’s demographic situation in the 1920s to 1940s. Materials and methods. The study analyzes documents housed at the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the Russian State Archive of Sociopolitical History, examines some unpublished dissertations authored by Mongolian and Russian physicians. The employed research methods include the retrospective, comparative, and geopolitical ones. Results. In the 1920s to 1940s, the key problems of Mongolia’s demography were social diseases, primarily syphilis and gonorrhea, that reduced reproductive capacities and caused increased infant mortality, these having been aggravated by traditional obstetric practices and unsanitary conditions of nomadic life. The former were adversely affecting the entire course of socialist modernization and hindering socioeconomic development of the nation. The anti-venereal disease campaign, establishment of maternity and child health services, development of pre-schools, and health education for women laid the early groundwork for a dramatic health transition. Conclusions. The efforts of Soviet physicians at earliest stages of the MPR’s healthcare system development ensured the growth of demographic indicators in the 1940s–1960s, namely: a two-fold decrease in infant mortality paralleled by increased birth rates, and a population growth of 60 %. So, all that served a basis for the comprehensive implementation of Mongolia’s socialist modernization project, which had geopolitical significance both for the Soviets and the MPR, the latter to have become a full member of the UN and the CMEA after 1961.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>геополитический проект</kwd><kwd>демографические проблемы</kwd><kwd>венерические болезни</kwd><kwd>родовспоможение</kwd><kwd>охрана материнства и младенчества</kwd><kwd>«мягкая сила»</kwd><kwd>Монголия</kwd><kwd>СССР</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>geopolitical project</kwd><kwd>demographic problems</kwd><kwd>venereal diseases</kwd><kwd>obstetrics</kwd><kwd>maternity and child welfare</kwd><kwd>‘soft power’</kwd><kwd>Mongolia</kwd><kwd>USSR</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда в рамках проекта «„Мягкая сила“ советской медицины: трансфер знаний, технологий и идеологий в международных связях Наркомздрава РСФСР/СССР (1921–1947)» (№ 19-18-00031).</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The reported study was funded by Russian Science Foundation, project no. 19-18-00031 ‘Soft Power of Soviet Medicine: Transfer of Knowledge, Technologies, and Ideologies in International Relations of the RSFSR/USSR People’s Commissariat for Health (1921–1947)’.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГА РФ — Государственный архив Российской Федерации.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Russian State Archive of Sociopolitical History. 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