The Kаlmyk folk proverbs and sayings in terms of axiology

Abstract

Proverbs reflect life experiences of previous generations, that is why in their proverbs the Kalmyk people underline the importance and necessity of deference to elders and ancestors whose names are traditionally mentioned when meeting anyone. Ignorance of the names of fathers, grandfathers and great-grandfathers was regarded as a bad manner. Kalmyks connect the name with the notions of honour and dignity which, according to the proverb, are more significant than life. A person’s decent behaviour, his relationship with older and younger members of the family, clan and community are governed by some relevant expressions. The ideas of goodness and love, not only attachment to mother, but also gratitude, respect, devotion, compassion and forgiveness to others and even offenders should dominate relationships. Special attention is paid to the aphorisms aimed at perception of motherhood and at developing sense of love, respect and gratitude to mother. Numerous proverbs point out that harmony, well-being and prosperity in family depend on woman’s wisdom and her ability to resolve any conflict. Father as the head of family, the keeper of his ancestors' traditions and customs, a successor of a clan should have unlimited respect. A person focused on education and learning is respected and honoured as a teacher as in all times Kalmyks have appreciated reading, writing and science, and daily practice convinced that learning had no age limit. Industry and respect to any kind of work is cultivated from childhood through proverbs, personal example and inclusion in the collective labour. The aphorisms reveal high evaluation of work not only as a source of livelihood, but as the main meaning of life. According to some popular concepts, labour and thrift are the basis of human material prosperity. At the same time, love to one’s native land, a sense of patriotism are expressed so brightly by Kalmyks that in the native country the land seems softer than in a far away one. The highest expression of love to the motherland is the willingness to give one’s life for it without fearing enemies.