The Epic Tradition of Mongolic Peoples: Toponym 'Altai' in the Motif of the Way
https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2018-39-5-166-173
Abstract
Introduction: Comparative analysis of traditional motifs with key formulaic expressions in the Mongol epos to identify the preservation and transformation of a single motif found in different local traditions is urgently important to modern national folklore studies. The article for the first time ever examines the meaning of the code word Altai in a motif of the way within the Mongolic epic texts in a comparative context. In the Mongolic epic tradition, the sacred semantics of the oronym Altai predetermines some special rules for the execution of texts.
Goals: The work aims to reveal the specificity of the spatial characteristic of the Altai code word as a key semantic characteristic of the motif of way. The disclosure of the function of the motif of the way with the help of one spatial thematic image Altai as a repetitive and constant formula determines the ethnic specificity of the Mongolic epic texts. Connotative meanings of such key words reflect the cultural traditions of society. The paper suggests that formulaic expressions with the word-sign Altai have been preserved since the common Turco-Mongolian period almost with the same semantic components.
Methods: The paper presents an analytical description of the traditional motif in the epic text from a semantic perspective with due account of the intertextual nature of the motif. The comparative and typological analysis with a certain technique of modeling standard motives gives the chance to generalize the material and to reveal the general motifs in the Mongol epos.
Results: The motif as a predicate is closely connected with the actant (the hero and related characters of the narrative) and spatio-temporal features. Describing the motif based on its dichotomous nature, the paper reveals the main invariants and variants of the motif. In the spatial scheme of the plot event, specifying the value of the motif, variable formulas are used. The study concludes that the oronym Altai — as a spatial reference point repeatedly used in all texts — most clearly illumines the national specificity of the narrative and clarifies the traditional motif of the way in the epic of the Mongolian peoples. The oronym Altai retaining a common semantic area in the Mongolic epic patterns (in the motif of the way) identifies their native environment. In this context, the key word Altai has a widest semantic content; still, in the Buryat texts there is a narrower use in formula expressions, and in these cases Altai more often denotes horizontal movement. But the oronym can also mean the ‘middle world’ of the universe. In Kalmyk epic texts, the key word Altai is often used as an ephemeral sacred space without specific actions in the plot of the narrative, it most likely implies the native environment of the epic heroes of Jangar, and describing movement (the way) it denotes the vertical center of the world.
Conclusions: The analysis of the texts reveals the main invariants of the motif of the way for the purpose of military campaigns or matchmaking activities of the hero. The paper also specifies some variants of the motif of the way: a place of hunting, pasture for cattle, pasture for the hero’s horse.
About the Authors
Liudmila S. DampilovaRussian Federation
Ph.D. in Philology (Doct. of Philological Sc.), Project Coordinator, Department for Folklore and Literary Studies
Evdokiya E. Khabunova
Russian Federation
Ph.D. in Philology (Doct. of Philological Sc.), Professor
Chuluun Zaayaasuren
Russian Federation
Ph.D. in Philology (Doct. of Philological Sc.), Research Associate, Department for Folklore Studies
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Review
For citations:
Dampilova L., Khabunova E., Zaayaasuren Ch. The Epic Tradition of Mongolic Peoples: Toponym 'Altai' in the Motif of the Way. Oriental Studies. 2018;11(5):166-173. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2018-39-5-166-173