Chinese Transcription of Mongol Affricates in the Sino-Mongol Glossary Dada yu/Beilu yiyu (Late 16th – Early 17th Cent.)

The present paper is part of a series of articles dealing with the Sino-Mongol glossary Dada yu 韃靼語/Beilu yiyu 北虜譯語, a little-known lexicographical work dated between 1567 and 1603. The author concentrates on the Chinese transcription of Mongol affricates in connection with the problem of their phonemic qualities and position in the sound system of a transitional late Middle Mongol to early Modern Mongolian dialect as reflected in the glossary. The influence of different historical varieties of Chinese on the glossary’s system of transcriptions is emphasized, such as: (1) the northern koine pronunciation system of the 16th to 17th centuries, or the so-called “Northern Pronunciation” (beyin 北音), an ancestor form of Modern Standard Chinese; (2) standard Late Ming Guanhua 官話 sound system of the 15th to 17th centuries, or the so-called “Southern Pronunciation” (nanyin 南音), based on Nankingese and other Yangtze watershed Mandarin dialects; and (3) Old Mandarin, a spoken koine of the 12th to 14th centuries that reflects the pronunciation used at the Yuan 元 dynasty capital, Dadu 大都 (later to become Peking). On the basis of the Chinese transcriptions, two series of affricates, an aspirated one ([ʧh], [ʨh], [tsh]) and an unaspirated one ([ʧ], [ʨ], [ts]), can be identified in the sound system of the Mongol dialect of the glossary. An interesting feature of the latter is the presence of voiceless aspirated alveopalatal affricates ʨ [ʨh] and ʥ [ʨ] that may have developed from earlier Middle Mongol palato-alveolars č [ʧh] and ǰ [ʧ] before an original *i. As for c [tsh] and ʒ [ts], they are attested in just a few lexical items and may be considered to be marginal allophones of the phonemes č [ʧh] and ǰ [ʧ], respectively. The author comes to the conclusion that the structures of both aspirated and unaspirated series are fully identical: each of them consists of a basic allophone ([ʧh] vs. [ʧ]) and two non-basic positional allophones, one of which ([tsh] vs. [ts]) may furthermore be viewed as marginal or problematic due to its highly restricted distribution.

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