Rainbow Lexemes in Mongolian Languages. Part 1
https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2025-79-3-738-758
Abstract
Introduction. This article is devoted to the consideration of the lexeme denoting a rainbow in Mongolian languages. The material of the study is the differences in various dictionaries of written Mongolian, Middle Mongolian and modern Mongolian languages, by dialects of Mongolian languages. As a result of the analysis of lexicographic sources, 10 names of the rainbow were identified, among the main ones are reflexes from the Proto-Mongolian *solaŋga in modern Mongolian languages. Some of these nominations are figurative in nature, which indicates, in our opinion, the taboo nature of naming the rainbow. Among them, there are also such names that retain the rudiments of archaic beliefs of a pre-Buddhist nature. In the bases of semantic transitions, such shifts in semantics were not found. The presence of a simple concept of its own in the Mongolian countries, the absence of a more extended collocation network shows, in our opinion, that the ancestors of the Mongolian peoples lived in a territory with a cold and cold climate, where conditions for showing rainbows in the sky rarely arose. Perhaps, they lived in such relations for some time, therefore, in communication there is no tracking of the reflection of a more branched structure of the concept. If the latter have developed additional meanings by transferring names to borderline phenomena (for example, in Mongolian languages the same words denote wind and air, wind and rain, etc., or in Tungus-Manchu languages thunderstorm and thunder, thunderstorm and lightning, in other languages similar semantic transitions are also denoted), then in the words of rainbow in Mongolian languages semantic transitions are not mentioned, although some of them indicate a possible transition rainbow → animal.
Supporting agencies: The reported study was funded by Russian Science Foundation, project no. 25-78-20008 ‘Developing Research Tools and Conducting Comprehensive Studies of the Mongolic Languages and Their Languages: Applying Big Data Tools for the Analysis of Dictionaries and Corpora’.
About the Author
Viktoria V. Kukanova
Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., 358000 Elista, Russian Federation)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Cand. Sc. (Philology), Senior Research Associate, Director
References
1. Clauson G. An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972. XLVIII+988 p. (In Turk. and Eng.)
2. Rzymski Ch., Tresoldi T. The database of cross-linguistic colexifications, reproducible analysis of cross-linguistic polysemies. 2019. On: Database of Cross-Linguistic Colexifications. Available at: https://clics.clld.org (accessed: 15 June 2022). (In Eng.) DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0341-x
3. Starostin S. A., Dybo A. V., Mudrak O. A. An Etymological Dictionary of Altaic Languages. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2003. 1556 p. (In Eng.)
4. Faehndrich B. R. M. Sketch Grammar of the Karlong Variety of Mongghul, and Dialectal Survey of Mongghul. Dissertation. Hawai, 2007. 385 p. (In Eng.)
5. Haenisch E. Wörterbuch zu Manghol-un Niuča Tobčaan (Yüan-ch’ao pi-shi), Geheime Geshichte der Mongolen. Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz, 1939. 190 p. (In Germ. and Mong.)
6. Haspelmath M., Tadmor U. Loanwords in the World’s Languages: A Comparative Handbook. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 2009. 1081 p. (In Eng.)
7. Kara G. Dictionary of Sonim Gara’s Erdeni-yin Sang. A middle Mongol Version of the Tibetan Sa skya Laegs bshad. Mongol-English-Tibetan. Boston; Leiden: Brill, 2009. XLII+338 p. (In Eng.)
8. Krueger J. R. Materials for an Oirat-Mongolian to English Citation Dictionary. Mongolian Society, 1978. 816 p. (In Oir. and Eng.)
9. Lessing F. D. Mongolian-English Dictionary. Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1960. XV + 1086 р. (In Mong. and Eng.)
10. Miller R. A. How to name a dragon in Altaic. Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia. 2000. No. 5. Pp. 57–78. (In Eng.)
11. Mostaert A. Dictionnaire Ordos. New York; London: Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1968. 964 p. (In Ordos Mong. and Eng.)
12. Nugteren H. Mongolic Phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu Languages. Utrecht: LOT, 2011. 563 p. (In Eng.)
13. Ramstedt G. J. Kalmückisches Wörterbuch. Helsinki: Finno-Ugric Society, 1935. 591 p. (Kalm. and Germ.)
14. Rӓsӓnen M. Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen. Helsinki: Finno-Ugric Society, 1969. 533 p. (In Turk. and Eng.)
15. Schwarz M., Blažek V. On classification of Mongolian. Folia Orientalia. 2013. Vol. 50. Рp. 177–214. (In Eng.)
16. Smedt de A., Mostaert A. Le dialecte monguor parlé par les mongols du kansou occidental. IIIe partie. Dictionnaire monguor-francais. Beijing: Catholic University, 1933. XIV+521 p. (In Mong. and Fr.)
17. Strahlenberg Ph. J. Vocabularium Calmucko-Mungalicum. In: Doerfer G. Altere Westeuropaische Quellen Zur Kalmuckischen Sprachgeschichte (Witsen 1692 bis Zwick 1827). Asiatische Forschungen 18. Bonn-Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz, 1965. Pp. 183–193. (In Lat., Kalm., etc.)
18. Tumurtogoo D., Cecegdari G. (eds.) Mongolian Monuments in Uighur-Mongolian Script (XIII–XVI centuries). Introduction, Tran-
19. scription and Bibliography. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, 2006. 723 р. (In Eng. and Mong.)
20. Zalizniak A. et al. Database of Semantic Shifts in languages of the world. DatSemShift 3.0. Moscow: Institute of Linguistics (RAS), 2016–2022. Available at: https://datsemshift.ru (accessed: 15 June 2022). (In Eng.)
21. The Zirni Manuscript. A Persian-Mongolian Glossary and Grammar by Shinobu Iwamura. Kyoto: Kyoto University, 1961. IX, [3], 160, [44] p. (In Pers., Mong., etc.)
22. Alekseev N. A. Materials on Yakut religious beliefs as a source in history and ethnography. Sovetskaya etnografiya. 1966. No. 2. Pp. 22–33. (In Russ.)
23. Amarzhargal B. Dictionary of Local Mongolic Dialects in the Mongolian People’s Republic. Khalkha Mongolian. Ulaanbaatar: Institute of Linguistics, 1988. 718 p. (In Mong.)
24. Androsov V. P. Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: An Encyclopedic Dictionary. Moscow: Orientalia, 2011. 448 p. (In Russ.)
25. Anonymous Eighteenth-Century Russian-Kalmyk Dictionary. N. Mulaeva, N. Ochirova (translit.); V. Kukanova, N. Mulaeva (comps.), etc. Elista: Kalmyk Humanities Research Institute (RAS), 2014. 570 p. (In Kalm. and Russ.)
26. Chumakaev A. E. (ed.) Altaian-Russian Dictionary. Gorno-Altaysk, 2018. 936 p. (In Alt. and Russ.)
27. Afanasyeva E. V. Buryat-Barga Linguo-Historical Ties: A Study in Phonetics and Grammar. Ulan-Ude: Banzarov Buryat State University, 2006. 148 p. (In Russ.)
28. [Badmaev] A Brief Russian-Kalmyk Dictionary [of 1898]. St. Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1899. 95 p. (In Russ. and Kalm.)
29. Bakaeva E. P. Noyon Galdama in written and oral traditions of Mongolic peoples. Oriental Studies. 2022. Vol. 15. No. 6. Pp.1271–1292. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.22162/2619-0990-2022-64-6-1271-1292
30. Barinova B. V. Natural Phenomena as Objects in Mongolic Languages: A Perspective from Lexical Semantics and Linguistic Culturology. Cand. Sc. (philology) thesis. Elista, 2024. 227 p. (In Russ.)
31. Luvsandendev A., Tsedendamba Ts. (eds.) Unabridged Academic Mongolian-Russian Dictionary. In 4 vols. Vol. 1: А–Г. Moscow: Academia, 2001. 488 p. (In Mong. and Russ.)
32. Luvsandendev A., Tsedendamba Ts. (eds.) Unabridged Academic Mongolian-Russian Dictionary. In 4 vols. Vol. 2: Д–О. Moscow: Academia, 2001. 536 p. (In Mong. and Russ.)
33. Luvsandendev A., Tsedendamba Ts. (eds.) Unabridged Academic Mongolian-Russian Dictionary. In 4 vols. Vol. 3: Ө–Ф. Moscow: Academia, 2001. 440 p. (In Mong. and Russ.)
34. Luvsandendev A., Tsedendamba Ts. (eds.) Unabridged Academic Mongolian-Russian Dictionary. In 4 vols. Vol. 4: Х–Я. Moscow: Academia, 2001. 532 p. (In Mong. and Russ.)
35. Dictionary of Bonan, Classical Mongolian, and Chinese. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia People’s Publishing House, 1986. 265 p. (In Bon., Mong. and Chin.)
36. Shagdarov L. D., Cheremisov K. M. (comps.) Buryat-Russian Dictionary. In 2 vols. Vol. 1: A–Н. Ulan-Ude: Respublikanskaya Tipografiya, 2010. 635 p. (In Bur. and Russ.)
37. Shagdarov L. D., Cheremisov K. M. (comps.) Buryat-Russian Dictionary. In 2 vols. Vol. 2: О–Я. Ulan-Ude: Respublikanskaya Tipografiya, 2010. 707 p. (In Bur. and Russ.)
38. Budaev Ts. B. Buryat Dialects: A Diachronic Study. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1992. 216 p. (In Russ.)
39. Galtsan A. (comp.) Dictionary of Oirat Mongolian. In 4 vols. Vol. 4. Karamay: School of Culture and Technology for Farmers and Livestock Breeders, 2006. Pp. 1007–1199. (In Oir.)
40. Golstunsky K. F. Mongolian-Russian Dictionary. Vol. 3. St. Petersburg: A. Ikonnikov, 1893. 291 p. (In Mong. and Russ.)
41. Golstunsky K. F. Mongolian-Russian Dictionary. Vol. 2. St. Petersburg: A. Ikonnikov, 1894. 423 p. (In Mong. and Russ.)
42. Gruntov. I. A., Mazo O. M. Lexicostatistical classification of the Mongolic languages. Journal of Language Relationship. 2015. Vol. 13. No. 3–4. Pp. 205–255. (In Russ.)
43. Dagur-Mongolian Dictionary. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia People’s Publishing House, 1984. 340 p. (In Dag. and Mong.)
44. Dashibalov B. B., Rassadin V. I. Where proto-Mongols came from. Vostochnaya kollektsiya. 2004. No. 4. Pp. 34–41. (In Russ.)
45. Diligensky V. S. Kalmyk-Russian Dictionary. At: State Archive of Tatarstan. Coll. 10. Cat. 7. File 20. 352 p. (In Kalm. and Russ.)
46. Dongxiang-Chinese Dictionary. Second ed. Lanzhou: Gansu Nationalities Publishing House, 2012. 548 p. (In Dong. and Chin.)
47. Dmitrieva L. V. Etymologies of geographic appellatives in Turkic and other Altaic languages. In: Altaic Etimologies. Leningrad, 1984. Pp. 130–177. (In Russ.)
48. Nadelyaev V. M. et al. Dictionary of Old Turkic. Leningrad: Nauka, 1969. 715 p. (In Old Turk. and Russ.)
49. Dugarov B. S. Aspects of the Khormusta image in Mongolian mythology. Humanitarian Vector. 2018. No. 5. Pp. 92–97. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.21209/1996-7853-2018-13-5-92-97
50. Dugarov B. S. Cult of Mount Khormusta in Buryatia. Etnograficheskoe obozrenie. 2005. No. 4. Pp. 103–110. (In Russ.)
51. Dybo A. V., Normanskaya Yu. V. Towards a historical typology of weapon names in Uralic and Altaic languages. Vestnik Rossiyskogo gumanitarnogo nauchnogo fonda. 2014. No. 2 (75). Pp. 84–100. (In Russ.)
52. Dybo A. V., Kukanova V. V., Mirzaeva S. V., Bembeev E. V., Mushaev V. N., Khoninov V. N. Words denoting the sky in Mongolic languages: Etymology and semantics. Oriental Studies. 2022. Vol. 15. No. 6. Pp. 1333–1351. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.22162/2619-0990-2022-64-6-1333-1351
53. Dybo A. V., Kukanova V. V., Lidzhieva L. A., Bembeev E. V., Golubeva E. V. Wind-related terms in Mongolic languages: Etymology and semantics. Oriental Studies. 2024. Vol. 17. No. 6. Pp. 1369–1399. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.22162/2619-0990-2024-76-6-1369-1399
54. Jijän E.-B. A Brief Russian-Kalmyk Dictionary. Elista, 1995. 191 p. (In Kalm. and Russ.)
55. Tumurdey G., Tsybenov B. D. (comps.) A Brief Dagur-Russian Dictionary. Zh. Badagarov (ed.). Ulan-Ude: Buryat Scientific Center (SB RAS), 2014. 236 p. (In Dag. and Russ.)
56. Kowalewski O. M. Buddhist Cosmology. Kazan: Imperial Kazan University, 1837. 167 p. (In Russ.)
57. Kowalewski O. M. Mongolian-Russian-French Dictionary. In 3 vols. Vol. 1. Kazan: Imperial Kazan University, 1844. Pp. 1–594. (In Mong., Russ. and Fr.)
58. Kowalewski O. M. Mongolian-Russian-French Dictionary. In 3 vols. Vol. 2. Kazan: Imperial Kazan University, 1846. Pp. 595–1545. (In Mong., Russ. and Fr.)
59. Kowalewski O. M. Mongolian-Russian-French Dictionary. In 3 vols. Vol. 3. Kazan: Imperial Kazan University, 1849. Pp. 1546–2690. (In Mong., Russ. and Fr.)
60. Kozin S. A. The Secret History [of the Mongols]: A Mongolian Chronicle of 1240 Titled ‘Monggolun niguča tobčiyan. Yuan chao bi shi’. Moscow, Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1941. 620 p. (In Russ. and Mong.)
61. Korzheva P. et al. (comps.) A Brief Russian-Kalmyk Dictionary. Astrakhan: Kalmyk People’s Governance Dept., 1916. 108 p. (In Russ. and Kalm.)
62. Muniev B. D. (ed.) Kalmyk-Russian Dictionary. Moscow: Russkiy Yazyk, 1977. 768 p. (In Kalm. and Russ.)
63. Xia Zhong Yi (ed.) Chinese-Russian Dictionary. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1990. 1250 p. (In Chin. and Russ.)
64. Kukanova V. V. The archaic beliefs аbout wind in the Kalmyk folklore: An interdisciplinary approach. The New Philological Bulletin. 2021. No. 2. Pp. 371–391. (In Russ.)
65. Kukanova V. V. Concepts of rain in the Kalmyks and their ancestors (Based on folklore sources). The New Philological Bulletin. 2021. No. 3. Pp. 469–484. (In Russ.)
66. Lvovsky N. V. Kalmyk-Russian Dictionary Compiled by Hieromonk Methodius (Lvovsky) in 1893. At: St. Petersburg University, Faculty of African and Asian Studies, Library. Call no. Calm D 13. Inv. 2157. (In Kalm. and Russ.)
67. Mandzhikova B. B. Kalmyk-Russian Terminological Dictionary: Flora and Fauna. Elista: Kalmyk Humanities Research Institute (RAS), 2007. 98 p. (In Kalm. and Russ.)
68. Messershmidt D. G. Dictionary-Related Materials in D. G. Messershmidt’s Document Legacy: Mongolian and Tibetan Wordlists. (Ad Fontes. Supplementum 10). A. Sizova, A. Zorin, L. Bondar (comps.) St. Petersburg: Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie, 2022. 456 p. (In Russ.)
69. Mitroshkina A. G., Semenova V. I. Peculiarities of Ekhirit-Bulagat Buryat. Irkutsk: Irkutsk State University, 2004. 72 p. (In Russ.)
70. Khasbator (comp.) Monguor-Mongolian-Chinese Dictionary. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia People’s Publishing House, 1985. 268 p. (In Mong., Chin., etc.)
71. Oirat-Mongol Laws of 1640 and Orders of Galdan Hong Tayiji Compiled for the Volga Kalmyks under Khan Donduk-Dashi. St. Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1880. 144 p. (In Russ.)
72. Muzraeva D. N. About the bilingual Tibetan-Oirat manuscript of “Subkhashita” from the archive of the KalmSC of the RAS. The New Philological Bulletin. 2021. No. 3 (58). Pp. 504–513. (In Russ.)
73. Neklyudov S. Yu. These capricious and lazy dragons: From proverb to myth. Forum for Anthropology and Culture. 2014. No. 21. Pp. 152–165. (In Russ.)
74. Neklyudov S. Yu. The many-faced Dragon. In: Umbra. Demonology as Semiotic System. Almanac. Vol. 6. Moscow: Indrik, 2017. Pp. 157–202. (In Russ.)
75. Novikova K. A. Loanwords related to the animal world in Tungus-Manchu vocabulary. In: Issues of Comparative Altaic Lexicology. Leningrad: Nauka, 1972. Pp. 104–150. (In Russ.)
76. Omakaeva E. U. Meteorological and astronomical knowledge of Mongolian-speaking nomads in the mirror of the natural landscape lexicon in weather and climate discourse: based on folklore and artistic texts. Nomadic Civilization: Historical Research. 2024. Vol. 4. No. 2. Pp. 105–114. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.53315/2782-3377-2024-4-2-105-114
77. Orlovskaya M. N. The Language of Old Mongolian Texts: Essays in Grammar. Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, 2010. 303 p. (In Russ.)
78. Parnikel B. B. More on folklore affinities between peoples of Southeast Asia. In: Traditions and Innovations in Literatures of Southeast Asia. Moscow: Nauka, 1982. Pp. 36–37. (In Russ.)
79. Pekarsky E. K. A Brief Russian-Yakut Dictionary. Second ed., suppl. & rev. Petrograd: Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1916. 242 p. (In Russ. and Yak.)
80. Podgorbunsky I. A. Russian-Mongolian-Buryat Language. Irkutsk: P. Makushin & V. Posokhin, 1909. VI, 340 p. (In Russ., Mong., etc.)
81. Pozdneev A. Kalmyk-Russian Dictionary. St. Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1911. 306 p. (In Kalm. and Russ.)
82. Poppe N. N. Dagur [Mongolian]. Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1930. 182 p. (In Russ.)
83. Poppe N. N. Mongolian Vocabulary of Muqaddimat al-Adab. Pts. I–II. Moscow; Leningrad: Nauka, 1938. 453 p. (In Mong. and Russ.)
84. Potanin G. N. Tangut-Tibetan Peripheries of China and Central Mongolia: Travels of G. Potanin, 1884–1886. In 2 vols. Vol. 2. St. Petersburg: A. Suvorin, 1893. 472 p. (In Russ.)
85. Ragagnin E., Khabtagaeva B. Some notes about “arc(h)olino” / “coccolino” in the Book of the Marvels of the World by Marco Polo. Siberian Journal of Philology. 2018. No. 4. Pp. 129–136. (In Russ.)
86. Ramstedt G. J. An Introduction to Altaic Linguistics: Morphology. P. Aalto (text prep. and ed.); L. Slonim (transl.), etc. Moscow: Foreign Literature Press, 1957. 254 p. (In Russ.)
87. Rassadin V. I. Buryat livestock terms as a source in historical ethnography. In: Ethnic History and Household Cultural Traditions in Buryatia. Ulan-Ude: USSR Academy of Sciences (SB, Buryatia Dept.), 1984. Pp. 55–80. (In Russ.)
88. Rassadin V. I. Buryat animal vocabulary. In: Languages and Folklore Traditions of the North. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1981. Pp. 97–119. (In Russ.)
89. Roerich Yu. N. Tibetan-Russian-English Dictionary. Vol. 2. Moscow: Nauka, 1984. 409 p. (In Tib., Russ. and Eng.)
90. Roerich Yu. N. Tibetan-Russian-English Dictionary. Vol. 6. Moscow: Nauka, 1986. 373 p. (In Tib., Russ. and Eng.)
91. Roerich Yu. N. Tibetan-Russian-English Dictionary. Vol. 9. Moscow: Nauka, 1986. 297 p. (In Tib., Russ. and Eng.)
92. Kontsevich L. R., Rassadin V. I., Leman Ya. D. (comps.) Etymological Dictionary of the Mongolic Languages. In 3 vols. G. Sanzheev (ed.). Vol. 1: A–E. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies (RAS), 2015. 224 p. (In Mong. and Russ.)
93. Kontsevich L. R., Rassadin V. I., Leman Ya. D. (comps.) Etymological Dictionary of the Mongolic Languages. In 3 vols. G. Sanzheev (ed.). Vol. 2: G–P. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies (RAS), 2016. 232 p. (In Mong. and Russ.)
94. Kontsevich L. R., Rassadin V. I., Leman Ya. D. (comps.) Etymological Dictionary of the Mongolic Languages. In 3 vols. G. Sanzheev (ed.). Vol. 3: Q–Z. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies (RAS), 2018. 240 p. (In Mong. and Russ.)
95. Swadesh M. Lexicostatistic dating of prehistoric ethnic contacts. In: The New in Linguistics. Moscow: Progress, 1960. Pp. 23–53. (In Russ.)
96. Sembi M. K. Memories of the Turco-Mongol Land: Sources and Symbols of Toponyms (The Turkic Meridian). Almaty: Kazakhstan Research Institute of Culture, 2013. 296 p. (In Russ.)
97. Tenishev E. R. (ed.) Comparative Historical Turkic Grammar: Vocabulary. Second ed., suppl. Moscow: Nauka, 2001. 822 p. (In Russ.)
98. Zhukovskaya N. L., Stratanovich G. G. (eds.) Foreign Asia: Symbols of Cults and Rituals. Collected articles. Moscow: Nauka, 1980. 207 p. (In Russ.)
99. Smirnov P. (comp.) A Brief Russian-Kalmyk Dictionary. Kazan: Imperial Kazan University, 1857. 127 p. (In Russ. and Kalm.)
100. Sodnompilova M. M. Atmospheric phenomena in conceptual and linguistic worldviews of Mongols. In: In the World of Buryat Traditional Culture. Vol. 2. Ulan-Ude: Buryat Scientific Center (SB RAS), 2007. Pp. 152–201. (In Russ.)
101. Sodnompilova M. M. The World in Traditional Views and Practical Activities of Mongols. Ulan-Ude: Buryat Scientific Center (SB RAS), 2009. 366 p. (In Russ.)
102. Tsintsius V. I. (ed.) Comparative Tungus-Manchu Dictionary: Materials for an Etymological Dictionary. In 2 vols. Vol. 1. O. Sunik (foreword). Leningrad: Nauka, 1975. XXX + 672 p. (In Russ., Man., etc.)
103. Tsintsius V. I. (ed.) Comparative Tungus-Manchu Dictionary: Materials for an Etymological Dictionary. In 2 vols. Vol. 2. O. Sunik (foreword). Leningrad: Nauka, 1975. 992 p. (In Russ., Man., etc.)
104. Starostin S. A. Comparative historical linguistics and lexicostatistics. In: Linguistic Reconstructions and Ancient History of the East. Moscow: Nauka, 1989. Pp. 3–39. (In Russ.)
105. Tenishev E. R., Todaeva B. Kh. The Yugur Languages. Moscow: Nauka, 1966. 84 p. (In Russ.)
106. Todaeva B. Kh. Bonan Language. Moscow: Nauka, 1964. 158 p. (In Russ.)
107. Todaeva B. Kh. Dagur Language. Moscow: Nauka — GRVL, 1986. 190 p. (In Russ.)
108. Todaeva B. Kh. Dongxiang Language. Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, 1961. 151 p. (In Russ.)
109. Todaeva B. Kh. Monguor Language: Study, Texts, Vocabulary. Moscow: Nauka — GRVL, 1973. 392 p. (In Russ.)
110. Todaeva B. Kh. Mongolian of Inner Mongolia: Materials and Dictionary. Moscow: Nauka, 1981. 273 p. (In Russ. and Mong.)
111. Todaeva B. Kh. Dictionary of Xinjiang Oirat: Compiled from Jangar Epic Texts and Original Field Recordings. Elista: Kalmykia Book Publ., 2001. 497 p. (In Oir. and Russ.)
112. Tenishev E. R. (ed.) Tuvan-Russian Dictionary. Moscow: Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya, 1968. 647 p. (In Tuv. and Russ.)
113. Fasmer M. R. Russian Etymological Dictionary. In 4 vols. Vol. 3. Moscow: Progress, 1987. 833 p. (In Russ.)
114. Khangalov M. N. Collected Writings. In 3 vols. Vol. 1. G. Rumyantsev (ed.). Ulan-Ude: Respublikanskaya Tipografiya, 2004. 508 p. (In Russ.)
115. Damdinov D. G., Sundueva E. V. Khamnigan-Russian Dictionary. Irkutsk: Ottisk, 2015. 364 p. (In Kham. and Russ.)
116. Zwick H. A. Handbuch der Westmongolischen Sprache. Villingen-Schwenningen: Ferd, 1853. 479 р. (In Germ. and Mong.)
117. Tsendee Yu. Dictionary of Written Oirat (Clear Script). Ulaanbaatar, 2002. 311 p. (In Oir.)
118. Dictionary of Eastern Yugur, Classical Mongolian, and Chinese. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia University, 1984. 180 p. (In E. Yug., Mong. and Chin.)
119. Sevortyan E. V. Turkic Etymological Dictionary: Common and Intra-Turkic Word Stems Beginning with ‘L’, ‘M’, ‘N’, ‘P’, ‘S’. Moscow: Nauka, 2003. 480 p. (In Turk., Russ., etc.)
120. Yudin V. G. Mountain weasel Mustela (Gale) altaica Pallas, 1811 in the Russian Far East. Biota and Environment of Natural Areas. 2022. Vol. 10. No. 3. Pp. 5–16. (In Russ.)
121. Dpal-ldan-bkra-shis, Slater K. et al. Language Materials of China’s Monguor Minority: Huzhu Mongghul and Minhe Mangghuer Sino-Platonic Papers. 1996, January. No. 69. 275 p. (In Eng.)
Review
For citations:
Kukanova V. Rainbow Lexemes in Mongolian Languages. Part 1. Oriental Studies. 2025;18(3):738-758. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2025-79-3-738-758
Views:
51
Email this article 