The article examines the issues of World War I and the participation of the Don Cossacks military units as part of the Russian army. 60 Don Cossacks Regiments and a considerable number of stand-alone and special sotnias (companies), as well as gun battalions were distributed along all front army divisions. The forthcoming theatre of war would encompass 2,125 generals and military officers, and 72,830 men of lower ranks, including 3,102 Kalmyks, in the Don Regiments and sotnias. At the outbreak of the war the number of generals and officers increased to 2,292, and the lower ranks totaled 888, 249 men, including 3,760 Kalmyks. All Kalmyks, who were not singled out by their ethnic descent, did military service in almost every Don Cossack regiment and other military units. During the battles of 1914-1915 the Don Cossack military units, which consisted of Kalmyks among others, captured 251 officers, 26 doctors, and 21,199 lower-rank military men of the enemy, and gained numerous trophies. 44 officers (including 2 Kalmyks) of the Don Cossack regiments were awarded the Order of St. George, and 99 officers (including 5 Kalmyks) received honorable St. George Swords, 13,697 Cossacks (including 598 Kalmyks) were awarded the Cross of St. George and 11,076 Cossacks (including 195 Kalmyks) were granted St. George Medals. In 1915 Germany did not achieve its goal to defeat and deactivate the Russian army. The Don military units that succeeded in major and minor military operations and battles stood the proof of the first military campaign and retained operational capability with honor, and acquired the experience of contemporary warfighting.

The article deals with the development of departmental reports of the Chief Administration of Kalmyk people between 1873-1892. According to one of the greatest Russian statisticians D.P. Zhuravskiy, “accounting and statistical work in the steppe of Kalmyk people from the very beginning was fully organized by the state…”. Before the reform of 1892 on the abolition of Kalmyk mandatory relations, there were no specialized bodies of accounting and statistics in the steppe of Kalmyk people located in the Gubernia (governorate) of Astrakhan except for government and local authorities. Therefore, in 1867, the Administration of the Kalmyk people renamed the “Horde branch of nomadic peoples” into the “Chief Administration of Kalmyk People”, which turned out to be the main authority that dealt with accounting and statistical work in the steppe of Kalmyk people. In the last third of the XIX century such Kalmyk structures as uluses, khotons and aimags were subordinate to the Chief Administration, which was considered to be in charge of accounting and statistics and sending the obtained data to the main Headquarters in Astrakhan. The article describes the process of gradually clearing specific record keeping documents, which found expression in the summary tables, lists, certificates, a plan diagram instructions. From the analysis of annual reports of the Chief Administration, it is evident that officials were to be occupied with collecting and processing a huge amount of information on statistics and accounting. Thus, the Chief Administration had to deal with a great amount of statistical information to be sent not only to higher institutions but also to the statistical body of the gubernia (governorate). Almost all of the annual statistical information, which are now used by historians, was gathered by the Chief Administration. The article can help to fill in some of the major gaps in the knowledge of the Chief Administration’s activity in the field of accounting and statistics.

Various taxes to be collected from the population of Tuva were introduced after Tuva’s incorporation into Ch’ing empire. The article based on archive sources attempts to systemize all sorts of taxes collected from khoshuns of Tuva. The main unit of direct tax (alban) was in the form of sable furs. Extermination of fur-bearing animals and penetration of Russian and Chinese commercial capital into Tuva led to increase of price for furs and impoverishment of the population of Tuva. Undurug was one more kind of tax which had to be paid on domestic animals. Undurug was used to pay salaries to officials and for various economic needs. Military duty seemed to be the most burdensome because it involved labor and financial resources. According to the “Code”, there were made “military lists” once in every three years and men from 18 to 60 years old had to take part in annual military call-up. In doing so, they had to provide themselves with the ammunition, two replacement horses and foodstuffs. In addition, guard duty on the borders of Tuva and urton duty (maintenance of messenger service) lay as a heavy burden on arats (poor herdsmen). In particular, urtons had a military organization and Tuvan khoshuns had to pay salaries to officials and maintain urtons. The average expenses for maintenance of all nine urtons equaled up to 4,860-6,480 lans of silver. Thus, Tuvans had to pay various kinds of taxes and perform various duties in the period of Ch’ing empire. Penetration of Russian and Chinese commercial capital, barter trade and usurious type of commerce imposed by Russian and Chinese merchants considerably aggravated the difficult socio-economic situation as it was in Tuva.

The paper is devoted to the various organizational forms of solving the national question in the North Caucasus in the 1920s-1930s. It is noted that prior to 1917 in the Russian Empire there were no special departments dealing with national issues. These issues, more commonly known as inorodcheskie (alien) were in charge of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Came to power, the Bolsheviks decided to create a special authority. For this purpose, the People's Commissariat of Nationalities of the RSFSR was soon established. Further on, the Council of Nationalities of the Central Executive Committee together with the USSR Supreme Soviet functioned as the first Soviet Ministry of Nationalities. In its turn, in the North Caucasus at different times such kind of responsibility was also typical for the National Council of the North Caucasus regional executive committee and various national commissions set up in the autonomous regions and republics. Their creation was conditioned by the need to respect and protect the interests of “national minorities”.

The article analyzes the peculiarities of the Soviet authorities’ fight against the “political banditry” in Kalmykia during the Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War. The author concludes that the rebel groups, fighting against the government due to political reasons, were not present in the territory of Kalmykia until 1917. There were only a few criminal groups, which were mainly engaged in cattle raiding. After the Revolution of 1917 and the outbreak of the Civil War the territory of Kalmykia became the scene of armed confrontation between the Red Army and the White Armed Forces. The geographical environment (wide steppes, low population density) determined active implementation of the tactics resembling the actions of cattle raiders: rush and sudden attacks of small flying cavalry columns. Besides, the core target of the bandpovstantsy (rebel groups) were not the troop units, but the administrative establishments and local authorities, and consequently their actions were limited to robbery and capture of food and property. After the White Army was defeated, the majority of the “troops” ceased hostility in exchange for amnesty, and the Rebel movement in Kalmykia was suppressed.

The article is devoted to some changes in the Soviet national policy, which took place in the first decade after Stalin’s death. For this purpose, the author shows attempts of the Soviet Union leaders to find new approaches to solving urgent problems in the field of national relations taking into account the experience of Kazakhstan. These approaches were usually focused on the practice of consensus with the title elites of a number of the Union Republics (Ukraine and Uzbekistan), which received preferences and territorial increments at the expense of the neighboring RSFSR and Kazakhstan. As a result, the virgin epic in Kazakhstan led to the predominance of the Slavic ethnic component that created possibilities of national statehood elimination in the context of Khrushchev’s policy to erase borders between Republics. Due to the rigid conflict between Khrushchev and Kazakh leaders there were no more imminent threats against the territorial integrity of the Republic. Hence, the Union leaders felt the necessity to have an unspoken consensus to abide with the Union Republics under the rules of which they should respect their territorial integrity.

In the article, based on the materials from the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the damage that was caused to the national economy of Kalmyk ASSR during the War is under consideration. It is not yet well-researched and has gaps in a knowledge of Kalmyk history during the War period. Therefore, eight uluses and the administrative capital of the Republic - city of Elista were occupied by the Nazi. Five of them, including Zapadnyi, Yashaltinsky, Priutnensky, Troitsky, Sarpinsky were completely occupied and three uluses such as Malo-Derbetovsky, Ketchenerovsky, Tchernozemelsky were partly occupied. Most devastating damage was caused to the capital of the Kalmyk ASSR - city of Elista. In the very first days the enemy began to establish the Nazi way of administrating at all levels of the occupied territory. In every area that was under their control, they created auxiliary services and police troops that were formed out of the local residents (local village elders). In a temporarily occupied territory aggressors did a massive crime, terroristic acts, abuse towards the local residents. Schools and clubs were turned into storages, military barracks and barns. These cases of abusing in Kalmykia were not just a single example of barbarism. The Nazi were following the plans and the instructions of their authorities. According to the plan, cities and villages were supposed to be destroyed deliberately. Alongside with the industrial sector, the hospitals, health resorts, schools, museums and other culturally and educationally important institutes and so as the living houses were under attack too. As a result of the research, tables that show the damage caused according to the fields of national economy in occupied uluses and in the city of Elista were compiled and the summary was done.

In the article based on archival materials the creative activity of Kuban and Stavropol region artists is being researched. In the 1960s there was an increasing growth of exhibitions within artistic unions and the tradition of traveling exhibitions had been revived. The process of introducing local artists’ art was highly stimulated by the foundation of the Artistic Union of RSFSR in 1960. The extension of interregional and international contacts between artists made a serious impact. These were not only exchange exhibition but trips to neighboring republics of Northern Caucasus and Transcaucasus where they had a chance to experience nature and local life to do the art work. In 1960s the tendency of rapprochement between the Central Union of Artists and local artists became noticeable. Local artists’ works started being displayed at the All-Soviet Union exhibitions more often than before. The artistic educational system for all social classes was being developed as well. One of the main goals that local Union of Artists set was to make the work of local artists useful and practical for the society production. Precisely, very big attention was attracted to visual propaganda at plants and factories of the Kuban and Stavropol regions. Artists took part in soviet party commissions checking posters, wallpapers and other propaganda attributes of that kind. Local party authorities, on the other hand, considered the artists and so as the other clerisy as one of the methods of creating ideology. Supervising in art schools was an important part of the duty of local Art Unions authorities because amateur artists could be provided both with professional and ideological guidance through these studios. As in previous years, the officials of the Union of Artists had to pay attention to the ideological level of engagement of its members and their political education. At the same time, there appeared a need of creating a system of professional artistic education for the regions. Different artistic genres such as sculpture, theater decorative painting started developing. It was a common practice to interfere in private work of an artist and it was obligatory to preview and discuss the sketches of unfinished works.

The article is devoted to contemporary migratory and demographic processes in the South of Russia. The changes that have taken place in the Russian Federation over the past decades during the fundamental political and economic reforms have significantly affected the migratory and demographic processes in the Republic of Kalmykia. The research results revealed four main factors defining the peculiarities of present day migration and demography and drew some development prospects of both migration and demography policies in the region. Being a subject of the Southern Federal District of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Kalmykia is undergoing such processes as natural population increase and migration population loss as well. Negative migration balance has become one of the main reasons for the population decline of the republic in recent years. Thus, the situation in the field of migration, existing at the present stage in the region, requires a more effective migration policy, which should be based on consideration of interests not only of the state itself but also of the society and even of an individual, when respecting the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens.

The social institution of adoption as a form of establishing artificial relationship, which was a common practice in traditional societies, exercised a prominent function of transition of power, material wealth and social status to successors. Adoption instituted the same rights and duties between the adoptive parents on the one part and the adopted child on the other part as between parents and their children. The tradition of adopting children of relatives by childless families (patrilineal relatives), as well as the tradition of fostering orphans in the families of deceased father’s brothers continued throughout the 19th century in the Kalmyk society. If Kalmyk children lost their parents, they were fostered in closely-related families. Childless families used to adopt a child of their relatives at their own will. It was commonly believed, that this adopted child would inevitably favor the birth of the family’s own children. Another reason for adoption was the will to ensure a secure old age. In the 19th century the institute of adoption in Kalmykia was common enough for all social strata: ‘according to our Kalmyk rights and traditions, whoever a proprietor ‘zaisan’ or an ordinary Kalmyk wishes to adopt, it shall be approved’. Moreover, childless families could even adopt children of a different lineage, provided the elder patrilineal relatives give their consent, and hand them down their property, uluses or aimags (territories) even if they had the children of their own.

The article deals with the analysis of the terms denoting age categories in the language of Russian Kalmyks and in the language of Mongolian Oirats. It is based on literature data and new field materials collected by the author during the expedition to Kobdo aimag of Mongolia in 2014. The study allows for the identification of similarities and differences between the terms of both cultures. It is noted that a specific characteristic of this terminology is based on a whole range of traditional ideas that make up “age symbolism”. The author notes that in the past century, there were some changes in traditional concepts concerning the process of age stratification in society. It proves the relevance of the fact that the Oirats used to identify the age group of 45-60, which, in the past, belonged to the period of old age (as reflected in the existence of certain terms), but now it is no longer so. The practice of using the same terms with different, sometimes opposite meanings in both Kalmyk and Oirat cultures, allows not only to indicate the archaic words but even to change some words semantically, especially, in terms of social transformations of society. For instance, there is a considerable number of Oirat terms in the Kalmyk language that are used only in high style.

The article deals with analysis of graphophonetic peculiarities of consonants on the basis of Russian-Kalmyk Dictionary by anonymous author of 18th century. The dictionary, built in 18th century, consists of 2,988 entries, arranged in alphabetical order. A dictionary entry is comprised of three elements: an entry word in Russian, its equivalent in Kalmyk in Russian notation with elements of 18th century orthography, and the Kalmyk word written in old Kalmyk notation. Nominal and auxiliary parts of speech are given in their initial forms. Verbs of both languages are arranged according to their 1st person singular form, even if the verb is not used in that form. Of special interest are both Kalmyk words in Zaya Pandita’s script, and Kalmyk words in Russian transcription. The system of notation, reflecting the sounds of the Kalmyk language, has a series of peculiar features: 1) the transcription utilizes accent marks - acute accent (´) and grave accent (`), 2) the quantity of a vowel is sometimes presented through gemination, 3) the author uses special graphic characters for rendering the graphemes of the old written Kalmyk language by means of Russian alphabet to denote the sounds that are not common for the Russian language. Thе dictionary is of special value as it illustrates both the orthography and the orthoepy of the Kalmyk language within the indicated period. The dictionary presents the colloquial Kalmyk speech of the 18th century, while the transliteration and occasionally even the transcription of certain headwords are of great interest for studying phonetic changes in the Kalmyk language.

Appellative is one of the most important components of speech etiquette. It produces vivid expression of a certain relationship between human beings, social and national specificity of speech etiquette. According to the author, in comparison with the other components of speech etiquette, appellative has more vivid socially marked, evaluative and connotative signs, which serve the finest labels of the character of the communicators’ relationship. In this paper, the researcher examines the speech etiquette in comparative aspect, principally from the perspective of sociolinguistics. The difference in the social and cultural background of the two languages affects the usage of speech etiquette. Typical errors of Chinese students in speech etiquette are predominantly characteristics of habit and are concerned with interference. So, the study of speech etiquette in comparative aspect makes it possible to find the cause of errors of Chinese students. Since the appellative begins a conversation and defines its basic tone between the interlocutors, it must be precisely mastered by the Chinese students in order to avoid violations of the basic rules of Russian speech etiquette. The comparison of the Russian speech etiquette with the Chinese one allows to reveal the difficulties and possible areas of interference in the verbal behaviour of Chinese students. Hence the characteristics of this article. The article gives the classification of the Russian appellative in relation to the Chinese and points out the most difficult cases for Chinese students. The article will be helpful for those who are interested in studying Russian and Chinese appellatives.

Although sharing typological features, the category of time proves itself in different ways in relation to different cultures and languages, revealing the character of national mental outlook and the value system of the ethnicity. The language and imagery of Kalmyk epic reveal to the fullest extent the Kalmyk idea of time in conjunction with philosophical and cultural conceptualization, spiritual and religious comprehension, as well as with ethic and aesthetic appraisal. Research of the time pattern in the Kalmyk language, based on the words denoting time periods, leads to the conclusion that many temporal lexemes are parts of so-called formulas, invariables in the story-teller’s memory. This is one of the numerous manifestations of the oral nature of an epic text. The ‘naïve’ model of time in an epic can be reconstructed through the semantic interpretation of Kalmyk (Oirat) temporal lexis, fixed in the texts of songs. Analysis of temporal words and expressions in different songs of the Kalmyk heroic epic Dzhangar, represented by diverse local traditions, variants, and repertoires of story-tellers, revealed the following topic groups: common denomination of time (tsag /‘period’; ‘epoch’; ‘time’), denomination of repeated cyclic long periods of time (dzhil’ / ‘year’, dzhil’in tsag / ‘season’, sar /‘month’), denomination of major parts of the day (yedr / ‘daytime’, sye / ‘night’).

Dzhangar has a special place among texts of the folklore corpus, as it is considered to be the basic epic text of the Oirat-speaking ethnoses, having both regional and local versions. The analysis of the lexical structure of the Kalmyk version of the epic and namely of the Buddhist lexis, reflecting images of their creators regarding the religious and sacred way of life, is of great interest. It should be noted that some words posses semantically transparent meanings, whereas others bear rather deep and often non-obvious meanings, some of which are hard to understand owing to the intention of the creators of the epic itself. In addition, the major stratum of the Buddhist lexis is composed of borrowed words coming from Sanskrit and the Tibetan language, which have gone through the process of phono-morphological assimilation and have been adjusted to the graphic and spelling norms of the receiving language. The religious lexis presented in the epic is far from thematically homogeneous. Thematically speaking, nominations of the Buddhist religion tend to be combined into five basic groups. The specific feature of Buddhist lexis in the epic text is defined, first of all, by its composition and function, and by a complicated semantic structure as well (containing both terminological and symbolic word meanings). To reveal a special symbolic meaning containing religious semantics either of a word or a Buddhist term one can refer to background knowledge.

A set of laws known as “the Great Code of the Nomads”, i.e. Iki Tsaadzhin Bichig (1640) is a valuable source of information, reflecting not only political and socio-economic system, but also legal relations as well as ethnographic data, and the written language of Mongolian society of the XVII century. The text of the “Great Code” contains a wide range of legal terms, i.e. ranks and titles of representatives from different social layers of the nomadic society such as yaamt humun, yaam ugey humun, and albatu humun. According to the Mongolian-Oirat laws, all committed offenses were punishable by a fine, the size of which was largely dependent on the social status of the person. Special attention is paid to the moral and ethical standards of knights, clergy and officials, whose strict code of conduct was considered to be an example for others to follow.

Since the Kalmyk Language belongs to the agglutinative type of languages, one should take into account some peculiarities when modeling structural schemes of a sentence. First, unlike Russian, the Kalmyk language lacks an indefinite (unconjugated) form of a verb, i.e. the infinitive. Secondly, as for the syntax, it is strongly fixed and left-branching. Thirdly, verbs and nouns can join personal-predicate particles (in terms of modern terminology, i.e. predictability of affixes). Additionally, researchers present the following preliminary schematic structures of a simple sentence in the Kalmyk language: 1) One compound scheme structures with nominal or verbal predicate (usually presented in spoken language); 2) Two compound schematic structures both with a nominal and verbal predicate; 3) More complicated scheme structures both with a nominal and verbal predicate. By focusing on one of the components it is possible to identify a nominal and verbal two compound scheme structures, whereas the character of the predicate nucleus scheme structures allows to identify two different scheme structures: verbal and linking respectively. The research considers two scheme structures: S1 + N + (COPf) and S1 + ADJ + (COPf). The predicate of the first two compound model is the noun in the nominative, genitive or joint case, coordinated with the subject; case affects the semantics of the scheme. The second model is made up of the subject which may function either as a noun lexeme (N) or as a quantitative or any other attributive noun phrase dependent on the subject; substantive pronoun (PRON), substantivized participle or adjective or any other substantivized part of speech and predicate adjective, accompanied by linking verbs, as well as different particles. The semantics of the following scheme structure S + ADJ + (COPf) is to express “the relationship between the subject and its predicate feature - property or quality”. The models of a simple sentence in the Kalmyk language are considered to be used in a very natural and regular way.

The research provides a detailed and thorough statistical analysis of the Dzhangar text, the cycle of songs by Eelyan Ovla. As a result of statistical processing, the frequency of use of lexical units was presented in the table, which consists of 4 columns: I - rank, II - word, III - absolute frequency, IV - relative frequency. There are frequent lexems of the biggest Ch.1 - “Khongrin ger avlghna byelg” in the table 1. It contains 96 lexems, among which the lexeme gikh is the most frequent (170 lexems), and the least frequent is the numeral zurgan (11 lexems). The table 2 presents the most frequent lexemes from all the Chapters. Since the Ch.10 is not so big, it presents only 4 lexemes. The most common among frequent lexemes of the first rank is the verb gikh, which is peculiar to all Mongolian languages and is usually found in the texts with participle and gerund forms such as: gisn, gidg, gizh’, gikhlya and are predominant in five Chapters, though it takes the second or the third place in the other Chapters. The bar charts clearly demonstrate the occurrence and distribution of color and number symbolism in all Chapters of the epic as well as the total number of more common word forms. According to the second bar chart, the most commonly used numeral is khoir - “two” - 228 (word usage), as it is used in the text not only as numeral but as a conjunction “and”; then follows minghn “thousand” - 166 (words usage). According to statistical data of the given cycle, the most common lexemes, denoting color are khar “black”, tsagan “white”, shar “yellow”, ulan “red”, kyek “blue”. Apart from the five main colors one can find bor (2) i.e., “grey”, e.g.: “Bor uul, Borzatyn bor tolgha.” Having analyzed all the obtained statistical data, the researchers conclude that the most common lexemes are: among verbs - gikh, byayakh, gikh; among numerals - khoir, minghn; among colors - khar, tsagan; and most common negative particle is uga. Quantitaive data, based on the epic cycle of songs by Eelyan Ovla, help to clarify the principles of the incorporation of the units into the dictionary. Due to the illustration of the quantitaive characteristics of a word in the defining dictionary one can see the frequency of a particular element in the text of the epic Dzhangar.

The first written references to Bashkir deities appeared at the beginning of the 10th century. The Secretary of the Embassy of the Arabs to the Bulgars distinguishes 12 deities of the Bashkir people. However, this proved to be true. The deities which have been mentioned by him in his statement actually appear in Bashkir folklore. Foremost among these were the supreme creator Deity of the Sky and Birds - Samrau, and his wives the Moon Deity - Koyash, and the Sun Deity - Ai, respectively. Apart from these, according to the epic Ural-Batyr, divine daughters of the supreme Divine Samrau, the Swan-maiden - Homai (with the wife of Sun), and the Bird and Star maiden - Aihylyu (with the wife of Moon) belong to the gods of the upper world. Such characters of divine origin as maidens’ winged horses - Akbuthat and Kharysai are also depicted in the epic. Thus, the article, based on folk epic material, reveals the divine essence of the above mentioned characters, which can be confirmed by a number of parallels from fairy tales, riddles and legends of the Bashkir people. A great deal of attention is devoted to the linguistic material. To some of the characters and their names, the author gives the comparative material from the ancient Turkic, Iranian mythology and modern mythologies of Altaians, Kazakhs, Tatars, Chuvashes, Yakuts, and others.

The article discusses assistants to Bashkir characters in fairy tales. Researchers N.K. Dmitriev, A.N. Kireev, M.H. Mingazhetdinov have left only a passing mention of them in their publications. The author gives a more complete picture of each helper of a hero and shows his function. The main character is an assistant horse. Hence the article focuses more on him. The horse has the art of magic, looks beautiful. The fairy-tale hero gets a horse in different ways: as a gift, by choice, for services, etc. The horses main functions: 1) to assist in the goings of the hero; 2) rescuing the hero by abduction from his home when he was in danger; 3) because the horse is a talking one, its functions are also giving timely hints, tips, warnings. In some tales the heroes assistant appears as corpse or skull of a man. In the fairy tales proper a skull or enchanted shepherd tells the young man where to go, what to take with him, and in the heroic fairy-tales he having become a friend of the hero on the way on trading business, helps the hero get his wife and provides a rich, happy life. Among assistants are also a bearded old man, a serpent helping the boy for his good deeds; wonderful wife chosen by an arrow shot from the bow, the bride becoming the best among the three daughters, a dog, a cat or a cow. Another assistant of the hero is Samrigush. It is an episodic Assistant, but it occurs in Bashkir tales often and helps the hero in gratitude for saving her chicks from Ajdaha-monster. It turned out that in the Bashkir fairy tales mythological heroes assistants are the mythical horse, domestic animals (cow, cat, dog), a cadaver or a skull, a white-bearded old man, a wonderful spouse, snake, etc. All of them posses one function: to help the hero. Each creature renders its own help: the horse delivers to the right place, pets returned the hero a magic item, the snake heals, wonderful wife helps the hero by clues where to get magic items required by the king.

The article gives an insight to the image of Udagan women in the Yakut traditional heroic epic olonkho of the Tattinsky region. In accordance with their origin, Udagan women are divided into two groups: Udagan women of the Aiyy tribe and the Udagan women of the Abasy tribe. The first group is represented by heavenly Udagan women that live in the Upper World as well as Udagan women, who descended to the Middle World from the Upper World following the order of the supreme deity. They bless the hero so that he would succeed in all his deeds; they heal wounded warriors, give valuable advice and foretell the future. The second group includes Udagan women of the Abasy tribe that belong to the Underworld. Just like the heavenly Udagan women, they come whenever they are called for help, however they always face defeat. They can battle the warriors of the Aiyy tribe. Sometimes they successfully get married to Aiyy warriors and give birth to children; they can achieve all this by using their wicked sorcery. In accordance with the function they perform, they fall under the following groups: helpers (mediators, healers) and warriors. Helpers act as advisors to the Aiyy warriors; they help them in battles against enemies. Mediators serve as a linking force between the warrior and heavenly deities. The role of healers is to heal wounded warriors and revive the dead. They can also foretell the future and show the olonkho characters who their betrothed ones are. Apart from their magical powers, the Udagan women warriors are able to battle enemies. They are just as strong as the warriors and sometimes they are even stronger than any of the warriors. The image of the Udagan women in the epos should be regarded as an archaic traditional trace. The images of Udagan women can often be seen in the traditional “olonkho” of the Tattinsky region and this is one of this epic’s characteristic features.

The article describes the history of study and publication of Kalmyk folk songs. It is based on the published and archival data. Domestic and foreign scholars, travelers, missionaries were engaged in collecting Kalmyk songs. Their contribution can't be overestimated as, in fact, they were the first to write down and to record Kalmyk folk songs for more than two hundred years since 1776. Currently, the Archive of the Russian Geographical Society contains ancient manuscripts of Kalmyk folk songs translated into Russian from the old Kalmyk language. For example, E. Dzhabdykov’s manuscript “Kalmyk riddles, songs and sayings of the Astrakhan province”, Sh. Sandzhirkhayev’s manuscript “Songs of Kalmyks”, “Songs and fairy tales of the Kalmyk people” manuscript. A.M.Pozdneev’s manuscript “Wedding songs of Kalmyks” is stored in the Fund for handwritten manuscripts of (IOS RAS) the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A great interest to the researchers of Kalmyk folk song are the funds of the Phonogram-Archive of the Pushkin House at the Institute of Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IRLI RAS) where unique materials on the Kalmyk folk music are stored. Among them one can find phonographic cylinders as well as manuscripts of music notes and texts of Kalmyk folk songs such as “The material collected by Vasily Dmitriyevich Benevsky in the Bolshederbetovsky ulus of Bashanta in 1921”, “The text of Kalmyk songs collected by the Burdukovs” and others. So, due to the excursus on the history of recording the Kalmyk song folklore and its study it became evident that both folklore records and manuscripts of music notes of the XVIII and the beginning of the XX century represent a valuable source of new problems to investigate in this field.

The authors present to the readers’ attention their attempt to observe the collection of old written manuscripts in the Tibetan language stored in Khovd State University (Khovd, Mongolia), as well as the specimen of scientific descriptions of some of these manuscripts. The Manuscripts with Written texts in the Tibetan language were in use and they are in use till nowadays among Buddhist clerics and secular adherents of the Buddhism in Kalmykia as well in some other regions where the peoples of Mongolian group related to Oirats and Kalmyks live now - in the Western aimaks (provinces) of Mongolia, Sinxiang Uigur Autonomous territory in the Peoples’ Republic of China. These handwritten books and the collections of such books which have remained to the beginning of the 21st century, give us the opportunity to note and describe some common features and to reveal the differences, penetrations concerning features and distribution of northern Buddhism, its schools and directions, features of cult systems of Buddhist faiths of the specified regions, as well as the literary activity and the practices of translations in various territories of Mongolian and Oirat peoples. Among these works which were in use among Western Mongols are “The Hymn-praise to a line of reincarnations of the Dalai-lama XIII Ngag dbang Blo bzang rGya mtsho” (tib. khyab bdag ’khor lo’i mgon po ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshos ’khrungs rab gsol ’debs bzhugs so); “Prayer about a birth in Shambhala” (tib. grub pa’i gnas mchog dpal ldan shambha lar skye ba’i smon tshig ka lā bar ’jug pa zhes bya ba bzhugs so); one of the major Tantric texts - the Tibetan original of the well-known Buddhist composition “Mañjuśri-nāma-saṃgīti” or “The true pronunciation of names of Mañjuśri” (tib. bcos pa’i chos brgyad kyas bsdus pa zhugs so); copies of the sample of the literature of Prajñāpāramitā whom is “The Diamond sūtra” (tib. ’phags pa shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa rdo rje gcod pa zhes bya ba bzhugs so); the prayer turned to Nāgārjuna, the Indian founder of a Mahāyāna, the author of texts of its first school - Mādhyamika (тиб. dpal dkon ’phags pa klu sgrub gyi smon lam zhes bya ba bzhugs so), etc.

The paper is devoted to one of the most valuable Oirat literary monuments known by the name of The Vth Jebtsundamba precepts (oirat.‘Boqdo Jibzun Dambayin tabuduγār gegēni zarliq’). It belongs to such literary genre as “popular Buddhism” and was widely circulated to the Kalmyk people. Additionally, the preliminary analysis results of Oirat manuscripts and block prints show that the manuscript paper is also popular among the Oirat people from Mongolia and China, who are close relatives of Kalmyks. The author publishes a copy of previously unknown manuscript writings, which has been found among Xinjiang Oirats. It is of special value, since it contains the author’s name and the specific rebirth of Jebtsundamba, whereas Kalmyk copies of the manuscript mention only his title and they omit the information about his concrete rebirth. Moreover, the writing is mostly common in Mongolia (western aimags), in China (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region) and in Russia (Kalmyk Republic), which once again underlines common cultural space between Oirats and Kalmyks. Thus, the author concludes that the Oirats because of historical events, residing in different countries, shared a single literary fund due to the unity of their religious and aesthetic views.

The article discusses some textual aspects of the known by now reconstructions of the early (draft) edition of A.S. Pushkin's address to the Literature and Theatre Society “Green Lamp” (texts dated back to the beginning of 1821 and no later than spring 1822). They have been subsequently undertaken by three Pushkin scholars - textual critics of different generations: two reconstructions - by the editors of the Big and Small academic editions of the poet's heritage - S.M. Bondi (1931, 1935 - published in 1949) and B.V. Tomashevsky (1949 - publication in 4 editions till the end of 1970s) - and S.А. Fomichev (2003). The segmentation and subsequent relative comparison of three reconstructed texts allow us to reveal certain peculiarities in their compositional structures. The aim of the article is to identify in those structures the position of the formula “Wish me health, Kalmyk!”, which is common and prevailing not only for the under consideration draft versions and the reconstruction of their basic texts, but also for the whole complex of A.S. Pushkin’s texts, dating back to the beginning of 1820s. The analysis permits the understanding of the composition and nature of interpretations and peculiarities of readings and concludes that the given poetic formula is not one verse, but double verses with the address “Pour me the wine of comet” (the author of the article supports B.V. Tomashevsky’s and S.A. Fomichev's interpretation of this line) and the famous facetious imperative “Wish me health, Kalmyk” (written with the capital letter as stated by S.M. Bondi, it is found twice in early edition). The textual character conclusions may be implemented in editing practice. The given paper presents some poetic, historical and literary commentaries, including the issue about the possible relationship of one of the abstracts of the Pushkin’s address with the beginning of the “Drinking songs” by P.А. Vyazemskiy (“Merry noise, singing and funs” - 1816?). The article presents the preliminary consideration of the set of issues regarding Pushkin’s textual aspects and provides the material for commentaries to the reconstructed Pushkin's texts of the early edition of the address to “Green Lamp”.

The article deals with issues concerning building of a new bio-bibliographical dictionary under the title “The writers of Kalmykia. 1920-2010” and the criteria for writer selection, and gives a short overview on the history of the subject and the principles of its implementation. The dictionary is projected to contain the names of the Kalmyk writers, starting from the founders of the Kalmyk literature, i.e. A.M. Amur-Sanan, B.B. Basangov, N.M. Mandzhiev, Kh.B. Kanukov, S.K. Kalyaev, and A.I. Suseev, to the contemporary living writers of both older and younger generations. A special section is dedicated to the Hero of Social Labor, laureate of the USSR and RSFSR State Prizes, and the national poet of Kalmykia D.N. Kugultinov. The article covers the historiography of the subject and proves the timeliness of publishing a dictionary of this kind. It should be mentioned that the article holds the criteria for the completeness of the publication in progress; the extensive writer reference material has been enriched with new facts and names that have previously been left beyond the scope of scientific research. The dictionary’s author has included the names of Lidzhi Karvin, Adolf Badmaev, and Nikolay Normaev, whose artistic works have been excluded from national literary studies. The “Writers of Kalmyk émigré community” section of the dictionary is the first to include the names of Sanzhi Balykov, Gari Mushaev, and Erenzhen Khara-Davan, whose life and works enjoyed little coverage before. This block of émigré literature will undoubtedly add to the completeness and urgency of the question of the Kalmyk literature national identity. Thus, the article concludes that the dictionary has been structured in accordance with the current scientific and methodological requirements. It is aimed at literary scholars, literary critics, teachers of literature, bibliographers, librarians and everyone who is interested in the fiction literature of the native land.

Team building and group project forms of social upbringing of schoolchildren have great pedagogical potential. The article shows the possibilities of group- and team- organized social upbringing of growing-ups according to a new standard of general education and necessary requirements for the teaching stuff. General advantages and disadvantages of these forms of organization in achieving the effective results in school upbringing were analyzed by the author. Alongside with the main restrictions it is observed that in a present linear organization of the education system the team work requires high concentration of focused specialists in teaching. This becomes problematic in general education because of the rapid ageing of the experienced teaching stuff and a little amount of young specialists that choose to stay in a profession. There is also a need for the attraction additional sources to just-in-time provide team members with the necessities for the productive work. This causes more intense and stressful rhythm of work for school methodological services and material supply services. One of the advantages is to turn institutes of education into socially active school and self-learning organization, increasing public and state components in a system of management, stimulating the role of parents and local community in solving socio-pedagogical problems within the district, accumulation the social capital in the form of constructive social relations by teenagers and upper-class pupils, building essential moral and professional qualities of the growing-ups, etc. A reasonable conclusion that has been made is that the advantages revealed have a very important meaning. They largely outweigh the potential administrative and pedagogical risk. Therefore, team and group project forms of work are relevant and they should be widely introduced into social education practice of school upbringing.

Russian economic strategy is aimed at switching to a new model of spatial development, which is based on the formation of centers for socioeconomic growth, fulfilling each region’s potential. Choosing a well-founded and effective strategy plays a crucial role in the implementation of this objective. Developing a regional investment strategy relies primarily upon the directions of socioeconomic development of the region. The pipeline of projects is then formed in compliance with the priority directions, followed by the overall valuation of investment needed. Developing a region’s investment strategy should suggest multi-variant approach, which will depend on the successful implementation of certain measures, emerging risks, and possible influence of external factors. Currently, the process of developing and implementing the strategy faces several organizational and managerial issues, among which are: low motivation level of regional authorities; expansion of interaction frameworks between regional authorities and businessmen; low quality of regional administrative personnel training. In order to solve some of the regional investment problems in Russia, it is necessary to address the European experience in regional studies. Special attention should be drawn to the regional policies of Germany, Italy, and the UK. Examination and evaluation of the experience in regional studies of EU-member countries can contribute to advancing the regional policy of the Russian Federation and developing the mechanisms for its implementation.

Modern paradigm of development of the country and its regions, consisting in the combination of environmental and economic policies, today gets the greatest urgency and importance. This is due to the fact that environmental policy covering system of measures aimed at rational use of natural resources, their protection and restoration is increasingly implemented in the economic strategy of the developed countries of the world economy. Development of methodological bases of formation and implementation of regional policy in the field of environmental security is an essential condition for achieving sustainable socio-economic development of the country and its regions. The purpose of this article is the theoretical approaches and practical recommendations for the improvement of regional policies in the field of environmental security. To achieve this goal it is necessary to solve a number of problems, which include the investigation of the features of the state policy in the sphere of environmental security and analysis of existing threats to environmental security in the region. People’s activity influences environment. The expansion and deepening of processes of interaction between human society and nature leads to disruption of ecological balance, an aggravation of contradictions between nature and society, the appearance of socially-environmental problems. In this connection, requirements of complex economic development of regions put in the forefront the problem of an optimum combination of the accelerated growth of productive forces and harmonious development of environment. Each region is characterized by its own research and solution of problems of rational wildlife management which is connected with prevalence of this or that kind of resources, their use, level of economic and technological development. Underestimation of issues of preservation of ecological equilibrium while locating enterprises can result in the subsequent sharp increase of expenses environment actions. These issues should be taken into account in the process of definition the ways of rationalization of resources consumption at regional level.

range of possibilities offered by an innovative economy is not used and regional systems are having problems integrating into the global economy. These reasons are holding back the transformative processes in the regional economy. Regional Systems of Russia are characterized by high variability, but this fact is also underestimated. Modern imperatives of social development and regional identity dictate the need for new kinds of typological descriptions of the regions. Methods: The author examined the evidence of whether transitioning to new forms of typological ranking of regions was well founded, which would take into account the previous positive experience in identifying these types of regions and would be relevant towards the content of modern challenges of regional development, the formation of subordinate objectives of an innovation economy. A comparative analysis of the typologies allowed us to determine their dominant signs and obstacles as to their further use. The analysis was carried out in parallel with the typologies of evolutionary changes in socio-economic development of the regions, which showed that the typological ranking should have adaptive characteristics. Results: The emergence of new ways to describe the typological characteristics of the regions is defined by the change of regional policy and the difference between the concepts of development. Changing concepts of regional development and the dominant factors of polarization requires that the factors take into account the typology of an innovation economy. The objectives of an innovative economic development are not commensurate with the regional asymmetry which is both limiting and enabling conditions for further developing the regions. As one of the possible methods, a multi-level system of regional management can be suggested. This should take into account the current types of typological rankings of the regions. Discussion: The prospects for studying the problem of improving the methodology of regional management are associated with an interdisciplinary approach to its planning, that develops synthetic principles of socio-economic and spatial components. The prospects of research are associated with developing the principles of the synthesis of socio-economic and spatial components of the regional development planning.

This article based on literary sources and Russian regulatory acts researches the process of a Zargo court development and judicial proceedings in Kalmykia in the XIX century. The article shows the step by step integration of the Kalmyks into Russian legislation system. In the XVII-XVIII centuries the highest judicial authority was represented by khan. Judicial authority was as well given to feudal aristocracy such as noyons and zaysangs. Zargo court, a Kalmyk court was an important judicial and administrative institute. Zargo was an advisory unit under Kalmyk khan and did administrative management and jurisdiction on the most important affairs. Judicial procedure in the XVII-XVIII centuries was based on mongol-oyrats’ laws of the 1640s and additional decrees of Kalmyk khan Donduk-Dashi. After the biggest part of the Kalmyk population left Russia, Russian government made arrangements in establishing management for the Kalmyks remained including the organization of the judicial procedure and functioning of the Zargo court. Rules for Kalmyk nation management dated by the year of 1825 determined that the Zargo court should deal with the civil cases up to 400 rubles, and ulus courts should deal with the cases up to 200 rubles. Criminal cases were considered by Russian authorities. After the Regulations of Kalmyk Nation Management of the years 1834 and 1847 were passed, Russian judicial fundamentals were established. According to the Regulation of the year 1834, the Zargo court became the Kalmyks’ highest judicial authority. In Zargo court one could appeal against judgments and decisions of ulus courts. The decisions of the Zargo court could be appealed against only in Senate. Criminal cases verdicts were to be confirmed by Astrakhan military governor who sent them for an execution. The Zargo court was disestablished after the issue of the Regulations of the year 1847. There remained only ulus Zargo courts where the civil cases up to 30 rubles and small crimes were considered. At the same time, civil cases of Kalmyks were considered according to Mongol-Oyrats’ (Kalmyk) rules and habits. Criminal cases needed to be considered according to Russian laws. So here how it comes that Kalmyks were integrated into Russian judicial system in the XIX century.

For over half a century criminalistics characteristic of crimes has served as the information foundation, the ‘root’ for the formation of private investigation practices for any given crime. In this sense there is no alternative to it and there is unlikely to be any. It defines the investigation algorithm in each particular situation and the specific features of certain investigatory actions. This is the point of view that the majority of Russian forensic scientists cling to. The object of a criminal assault plays one of the key roles in the structure of criminalistics characteristic of crimes. It is interrelated to other elements of this structure. The choice of an object of a criminal assault is determined by the specific features of the identity of a criminal. The object of a criminal assault determines at the same time the choice of a crime manner, its situation and the time of committing the crime. The manner of committing a crime in a certain situation is embodied in the form of specific trace evidences. Consequently, an investigator or an interrogating officer can determine, primarily, the scope of possible suspects by examining the data on trace evidences on the site of a crime, special features of the object of a criminal assault, as well as the place and time of the crime during the investigation process. Besides, the information on the special features of the object of a criminal assault make it possible to determine the manner of committing the crime; sources of evidence on the circumstances of the crime and the affiliate person; time and place of committing the crime, its motive and intent; direction of search for the information on the unidentified victim; typical trace evidence, left on the victim as a result of the crime or left by the victims themselves in the crime situation; causes and conditions that have facilitated the commission of the crime. Typical forensic-psychology model of a crime victim based on the analysis of investigative and court practice has an essential role in the determination of the criminal who has committed a crime. Therefore, information about the object of a criminal assault as an element of the criminalistics characteristic of crimes makes it possible for an investigator or an interrogating officer to realize its organizational scheme during investigation as follows: ‘from the victim’s identity (characteristics of the object of a criminal assault) - to the perpetrator’. The findings stated above can be confirmed by the author’s examination of ca. 3 thousand criminal cases on illegal fishing.

The paper examines the influence of various philosophical theories on the definition of punishment and its purposes, penological practice in Russia and abroad. The author notes foreign penological practice in the years 1950-1960 relied on consequentialists theory justifying the phenomenon of punishment. Later, however, these theories were declared insolvent, and therefore there was a transition to the postulates retributivists theories that the justification of punishment put the thesis of “deserved punishment”. Taking into account postulates theories of retribution the law and practice of sentencing have been altered. The author further notes that the criminal law and penological practice of Russia in the XX century was largely based on the basic principle of retributivism, according to which, the punishment should fit the nature and degree of public danger of the crime. The widespread use of the death penalty, imprisonment and exhausting work satisfy the public and political revenge. However, the postulates of utilitarian theories have been used in formulating the objectives of punishment, because from the very first years of Soviet power punishment had a purpose of prevention of new crimes, and later such goals as correction and rehabilitation of the offender appeared. Analyzing criminal legislation of Russia, the author notes that the refusal of the Russian state from use in determining the penalty, the term “Kara” may prompt the idea that today's lawmakers have abandoned the idea of retribution when determining punishment. However, this conclusion is contradicted in the analysis of h 2 tbsp. 43 of the criminal code. Thus, in accordance with h 2 tbsp. 43 of the criminal code, the penalty is applied in order to restore social justice, and in order to remedy and prevent conviction of new crimes. The author comes to the conclusion that the basis for the formation of the modern institution of criminal punishment in Russia is based on a combination of theories of punishment such as theories of retribution and utilitarian theories. In his opinion, this is beneficial, because the use of the most progressive provisions of each of them can provide an efficient system of punishment, and, accordingly, build the practice of punishment.

This article considers the influence of economic processes on criminal law. Economic development leads to the fact that a legal entity becomes the main participant of the market relations. As a result, due to market economy it receives more freedom and independence in decision-making process. The financial crisis, also resulted in social changes, provoked companies into taking cost cutting measures which, in their turn, quite often border on crimes. Following the policy of cost cutting measures, companies are not oftentimes conscious of its possible negative consequences. For instance, saving money on installing pollution control technology can have dramatic effect. Criminal liability of corporations has become one of the most debated topics not only in Russia but also in countries that represent different legal families. Thus, to resolve the issue of corporate criminal liability it is necessary to take into account not only theoretical questions (such as to what extent is the basis of Russian criminal law, where the offender is recognized individual, touched upon; should we focus on the legislation of other countries and consider it more progressive) but also practical ones (whether to impose responsibility on a legal entity or an individual; what kind of punishment is more effective etc.).

In terms of sociocultural modernization of Russian society, close attention is being paid to the issue of forming civic identity in young people. In this regard, students’ civic consciousness is central to the mission of Russian higher education institutions, especially, within their concepts of sustainable development. So, the research seeks to examine the formation of civic identity among students of Kalmyk State University which created favorable conditions for modeling and designing students’ civic engagement activities. A major rationale for inspiring civic virtue in young people is their involvement in student activities at the university such as the Council of Student Associations of the university, Starostat (the committee, consisting of monitors of all the study groups of the Faculty), primary student trade union organization and the headquarters of student brigades “Dzhangar”. The analysis of forming civic identity of Kalmyk State University students includes different developmental levels. The first is the information level, which covers, primarily, freshmen, dealing with a variety of outreach activities (meetings with veterans, thematic curatorial hours, etc.). The nature of the civic identity formation, at this level, is mainly focused on students’ involvement and their acquiring civic values, as they are still the object of educational influence. The second level is considered to be more productive, as it involves students’ participation in civic engagement activities. Thus, students are becoming strongly dependent on educational process, which aims to develop a certain number of their behavioral strategies to help them become socially committed members of society who would willingly participate in socially important matters. At the third level, students are supposed to have already developed their civic identity, as they start demonstrating leadership qualities and take the initiative in organizing different types of events, as well.

Создание и формирование научного архива началось с 1 ноября 1957 г., сразу пос­ле восстановления института, и сегодня является одним из ведущих научно-вспомогательных подразделений. Научный архив КИГИ РАН - ведомственный архив, работает по Правилам работы государственных архивов Российской Федерации и наделен правом государственного хранения архивных документов. Главными задачами научного архива являются: комплектование его документами; обеспечение сохранности, учета, качества обработки, отбора и использования хранящихся в нем документов, осуществление методического руководства и проверок состояния организации документов в делопроизводстве института. Комплектование архива осуществляется путем приема документов из структурных подразделений института; материалов научных форумов и экспедиций; юбилейных мероприятий, проводившихся институтом; рукописей изданий института, монографий и статей сотрудников. Архивные фонды пополняются также за счет документов, выявленных сотрудниками в библиотеках и архивах страны (выписки, фото-и ксерокопии материалов) и частных поступлений от граждан. 

В 2008 году Калмыцким институтом гуманитарных исследований Российской академии наук была основана серия «Өвкнрин зөөр» («Сокровища предков»), призванная ввести в научный оборот произведения фольклорной традиции калмыков. Открылась она сказками даровитого сказителя Санджи Бутаева, записи которого производились в 1970-х годах прошлого столетия Н. Ц. Биткеевым [Буутан Санҗин туульс 2008]. Тексты сказок данного издания, подготовленного Б. Х. Борлыковой, сопровождены научным аппаратом, примечаниями, в приложении имеются указатели имен персонажей, топонимов и сказочных сюжетов, словарь. Вступительная статья содержит биографию С. Бутаева, в сборник включены также воспоминания о талантливом сказочнике и статьи научно-исследовательского характера. В приложении даны фотоиллюстрации. В следующем выпуске была уже представлена современная фольклорная традиция калмыков в записи от хранителя народной мудрости Шани Боктаева. Составитель сборника «Алтн чееҗтә келмрч Боктан Шаня» [2010] Б. Б. Манджиева подготовила к публикации репертуар сказителя, который представлен разными жанрами калмыцкого фольклора. Тексты фольклорных произведений на калмыцком языке сопровождены научно-справочным аппаратом по типу первого издания серии. В очередной сборник серии «Т. С. Тя­гинован амн урн үгин көрңгəс» вошли тексты сказочной и несказочной прозы, калмыцких народных и авторских песен, пословиц, поговорок, загадок и других образцов жанров калмыцкого фольклора, а также некоторые этнографические материалы в самозаписи Таисии (Торһу) Сакиловны Тягиновой, знатока фольклорной традиции и исполнительницы протяжных песен, сделанной ею в период с 2004 по 2010 гг. Издание открывается биографией сказительницы (автор - канд. полит. наук, директор КИГИ РАН Н. Г. Очирова), в которой содержится немало интересных фактов из жизни Т. С. Тягиновой. 

Экспедиционная деятельность занимает важную часть в работе Калмыцкого института гуманитарных исследований Российской академии наук (КИГИ РАН). В 2014 году состоялось свыше 5 экспедиционных поездок сотрудников в различные регионы Монголии, Китайской Народной Республики и Российской Федерации при финансовой поддержке РГНФ, Программы фундаментальных исследований Президиума РАН, Правительства Республики Калмыкия, а также в рамках реализации совместных международных проектов изучался широкий круг проблем.

22 сентября 2014 г. ушла из жизни, не дожив чуть более 4-х месяцев до своего 100-летнего юбилея, выдающийся востоковед, прекрасный знаток языка, устного народного творчества монголоязычных народов Буляш Хойчиевна Тодаева. Б. Х. Тодаевой созданы уникальные по своему содержанию и значению труды, составившие целую эпоху в мировой монголистике.