Introduction. The article deals with an important and eventful period of Russia-Mongolia
relations, special attention be paid to the shaping of a new regional order in East Asia. The collapse of
China’s monarchy resulted in a political vacuum in Russia’s border territories which required utmost
consideration and involvement, and the Soviets did seize the opportunity. However, the Agreement
on Friendly Relations concluded in November of 1921 can hardly be viewed as a starting point, the
former having been rather supposed to actualize previous mutual commitments discussed in the paper.
Goals. So, the work attempts an interdisciplinary insight into the mentioned documents (addresses,
diplomatic notes, letters, etc.) to have preceded the Agreement and formalized Soviet Russia’s foreign
policy in the region and its presence in the territory of Outer Mongolia ― to determine the role and
impact of those preliminary papers. Materials and Methods. The study focuses on widely known
materials contained in diverse published collections of documents from the Soviet era that were never
viewed by most researchers as important tools to have guaranteed the national interests in the Far East.
So, the innovative aspect of research is that the addresses, notes and letters are examined through the
prism of other humanitarian disciplines, such as jurisprudence and political science — to result in the
employment of an interdisciplinary approach with a range of historical, juridical and politological
research methods, definitions and categories inherent to international law and international relations.
Part One of the article focuses on research tools and ideological essentials, while Part Two examines
the actual techniques to have secured the ‘export of revolution’. Conclusions. The insight into the
precontractual documents has delineated a number of key lines for cooperation, the latter dominated
by bilateral collaboration (and described in Part One). This paper shall characterize the rest that
can be together identified as a set of efficient means to have consolidated ideological foundations
of the ‘export of revolution’ that include as follows: ‘soft power’ of educational projects; security
arrangements for Soviet territories and borders, including assistance to Mongolian comrades in their
fight against the White Guard, allocation of the Red Army units within Mongolian territories until
the complete eradication of the White threat, with the participation of military units from the Far
Eastern Republic; economic cooperation through mutual financial and economic support of industrial
construction projects, resource development and social infrastructure initiatives, etc.; joint actions on
the international stage pinnacled with the recognition of the Mongolian People’s Republic by China
(1946) and the rest of the world community (1961). The study concludes these lines of cooperation
were successfully implemented within the two following decades and proved crucial not only in the
shaping of a new political order in the region but also facilitated the development of the eastern border
security system in the pre-war period and WWII proper (1936–1945), which restrained Japan from
initiating military actions against the USSR up until 1945 and guaranteed the security of Mongolia

Introduction. As is commonly believed in Russian historiography, the late 16th century
witnessed a final collapse of the Siberian Khanate. However, that event was long followed by repeated
attempts from ex-owners of Siberian Yurt — the Kuchumovichs (children and grandchildren of the
Siberian Khan Kuchum) — to regain their power. In achieving their goal, they relied on Bashkir
and Kalmyk leaders. The ideological supporters of Kuchum’s descendants were the Siberian Tatars
and Bashkirs, primarily Bashkir Tabyns who also sought a restoration of the Siberian Khanate.
But in historical science the question of Bashkirs’ participation in the Kuchumovichs’ cause to
regain Siberian Yurt remains unaddressed. Goals. The study aims at examining the 17th century
ethnopolitical history of the Trans-Ural Bashkirs through the prism of the movement attended by the
Kuchumovichs, Kalmyks and Dzungars who came up with the idea of reviving the Siberian Khanate.
Materials and Methods. The work employs materials already introduced into scientific discourse
which, however, were not considered through the prism of Bashkirs’ participation in the general
movement of nomadic leaders to have struggled for the restoration of the Siberian Khanate. Coupled
with the use of historical research methods (historical, comparative and systemic ones), this made it
possible to reveal that in the territory of Bashkiria the actions of Bashkir rebels were associated with
the policy of the Kuchumovichs and Kalmyk taishas who tried to unite Bashkirs and inhabitants of
Western Siberia to withdraw from subordination to the Moscow Government. Thus, the scientific
novelty is that the 17th century anti-Russian movement of Bashkirs is being first considered in the
context of attempts to restore the Siberian Khanate. Results. Analysis of historical events (departure
of Kuchum’s grandson Kuchuk to the Karakalpaks and adoption of Russian citizenship by the Kalmyk
ruler Ayuka) shows that the rebellious Bashkirs experienced a collapse of hopes for the restoration
of the Siberian Khanate, the latter viewed as an opportunity to gain independence from the Tsardom
of Russia. Conclusions. Bashkir uprisings of the mid-to-late 17th century should be considered in line
with the political situation that had developed in the southeastern outskirts of Russia due to the joint
activities of the Kuchumovichs, Kalmyk and Bashkir leaders.

Introduction. The article examines intra-family relations in Bashkir society in the mid-19th
to early 20th centuries. Goals. The work aims at outlining the characteristics and new phenomena
in Bashkir intra-family relations during the period under consideration. Materials and Methods.
The main sources are archival documentary materials and published sources. The analysis of the
source material, the assessment of events and phenomena were implemented through the principles
of historicism, objectivity and scientific nature. The study employs such methods as comparative
historical, problem-chronological, retrospective, logical ones, etc. Results. On the basis of unique
sources, such as archival documents, published sources, works by famous Russian scientists, public
figures and local historians, the paper provides insight into the family life of Bashkirs in this period —
with due account of turning events in Russia’s social life and its actual phenomena. The latter initiated
certain changes in this sphere and had a serious impact on intra-family relations, positions of family
members. That especially affected the status of women which has also been highlighted in published
scientific and local history works. Changes took place in the woman herself, in her self-awareness and
behavior, radically different from the established norms. This is evidenced by the increased number
of cases when women turned to the Orenburg Mohammedan Spiritual Association with requests for
divorce, permission for a new marriage, with complaints against their husbands, as well as by the
emergence of women’s societies which became first experience of their self-organization outside
homes and that of social life. However, family was still dominated by man, and other members
remained as humiliated and dependent. All this attests to the strength of traditional intra-family
relations. Conclusions. During the period under review, Bashkir intra-family relations remained
virtually unchanged. Nonetheless, the events that took place in the early 20th century in Russia’s social
life resulted in that positions of family and its members became noticeably complicated and unstable.
The position of woman in family was undergoing serious changes as well: it became different, like
the traditional Bashkir society itself.

Introduction. The article discusses the features of Bashkiria’s printed matter as of
the 1920s–1930s through the lens of typographics and artistic design. Goals. The work analyzes
design patterns, features of font compositions, and identifies the influence of Constructivism on
the shaping of their stylistic essentials through specific examples of book covers, magazines, and
posters published in the 1920s–1930s in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The authors show how the
synthesis of European trends and national traditions of Arabic writing determined the originality of
the then Bashkortostan’s graphic designs. Results. The article shows how the ornamental character of
Arabic script was transformed into dynamic compositions of covers and title pages characteristic of
Constructivism. Conclusions. Nowadays, the public are again trying to outline ways to develop the
national book art. Therefore, the experience and traditions from the printing art of early 20th-century
Arabic and Cyrillic editions are again in demand. Nobody doubts the significance and greatness of
the national cultural heritage, the need to develop it, the need to understand what happened through
the prism of national consciousness. The appeals to artistic and aesthetic ideas, creative experiments
of the Russian hinterland, traditions that existed in other republics and peoples at the beginning of
the 20th century do enrich the history of domestic graphic design. All these together serve sources of
inspiration for contemporary art experts, book artists and design practitioners

Introduction. In the national republics of the Sayan-Altai Region — Altai, Tuva and
Khakassia — urbanization has been essentially delayed and is, hence, accelerated. The first urban
settlements appeared here only in the 20th century, and many of them were referred to as urban de jure
only. Despite the growth of publications studying various aspects of the urbanization in Siberia, there
are almost no research works dealing with the development of this historical, cultural, complicated
social process and compiled from materials of this region proper. The paper provides a first attempt
to assess the features and patterns of urbanization in the Sayan-Altai Region through the prism of
modernization theory. Goals. The article aims to analyze urbanization as the most important aspect
of modernization through materials collected across Altai, Tuva and Khakassia in the 20th – early 21st
centuries. Materials and Methods. The article primarily investigates official statistical data that make
it possible to trace the actual urbanization dynamics (for both populations and territories), as well as
the process of transformation experienced by material components of city life. Empirically, the study
rests on materials of surveys conducted in the Republic of Khakassia (2018) and in the Republics of
Tuva and Altai (2019). The total number of interviewees is 2000. The study employs deterministic
sampling methods. Results. The work concludes the urbanization development pattern examined in
the region is non-linear, which was determined by the difficult and indirect modernization processes
nationwide and those in its certain parts in particular. In the history of the ethnic federal subjects of the
Sayan-Altai Region, local features of urbanization are more evident than those in other regions of the
country, which is largely due to the influence of the ethnic factor, specifics of indigenous cultures and
worldviews. Urbanization as a process is studied on the regional materials in two main perspectives:
on the one hand, the paper provides analysis of quantitative indicators of urbanization, such as the
dynamics of urban population and growth of urban settlements; on the other hand, an important role in
the study of urbanization is assigned to its qualitative indicators, the latter including the transformed
structure of urban population and evolution of its living standards.

. Introduction. The article introduces results of studies of animal bones excavated by the
archaeological expedition of Kalmyk Research Institute of History, Philology and Economics (with
E. V. Tsutskin as leading scientist) from Late Sarmatian burials within the Kermen Tolga Mound
Group in the Sarpa Lowlands in 1979. Goals. The paper provides detailed descriptions of the animal
bone remains, identifies their species composition, enumerates and compares the samples. Results.
The study shows all the investigated Late Sarmatian burials of the Kermen Tolga Mound Group contained bone remains of only one domesticated animal — sheep (Ovis aries). Conclusions. The analysis of bone materials described in the field summary report and stored at Kalmyk Scientific Center of
the RAS reveals that seven of the ten female burials excavated were containing bones of the back right
leg, while in four of the six male burials there were found bones of the back left leg. The conclusions
are preliminary but there is a definite relationship between the gender of each single buried individual
and the side of animal’s body used therein. This may indicate the earlier unnoticed element of Late
Sarmatian funeral rites

Introduction. Starting from the early Iron Age, the high root bank of the Belaya —
downstream from its confluence with the Sim River and virtually to the Ufa Peninsula — was serving
a natural barrier that separated the local tribes from nomadic populations who would sporadically
penetrate into the left-bank flood pastures. It is along this barrier line that a group of sedentary
settlements (hillforts of Okhlebinino I, II, Akberdino I-III, Shipovo, Monchazy) was discovered
and identified as those of the Kara-Abyz culture. Supposedly, this advance warning system was still
functioning in later periods too, i.e. the pre- and Golden Horde eras, and was somewhat related to
antiquities of the Chiyalik archaeological culture. Goals. The work aims to introduce into scientific
circulation archaeological materials from the Iron Age and the Late Middle Ages obtained as a result
of repeated examinations and explorations at the site of Monchazy located 40 km southeast of Ufa in
the lower reaches of the Sim River. The article provides data on the cultural layer of the monument,
its defensive structures, introduces analogies to the found metal products, and reveals their cultural
and historical aspects. Results. The results obtained indicate the site of the monument was used by
both the Kara-Abyz population of the Southern Cis-Urals in the early Iron Age and the late medieval
‘Chiyalik’ residents. The paper also notes that this territory (the middle reaches of the Belaya between
the mouths of the Bir and Sim rivers) was a transit area for carriers of Kara-Abyz ceramics with sand
admixtures, while carriers of the Chialik culture quite often used fortified promontories of earlier
eras (fortified settlements of Kara-Abyz, Bazhino, Ufa I, Ufa II). The publication also provides a
broad historical cross-section of the eras (early Iron Age and Late Middle Ages) in relation to the
territory on the right bank of the Belaya River. The work also provides data on the archaeological
environment near the hillfort of Monchazy. The rather extensive archaeological materials make it
possible to conclude as to the difference between ceramic traditions among the population of the
Kara-Abyz archaeological culture. It is also noted that nomadic groups of Kipchaks that arrived in the
territory of the settlement could have been included in the cultural environment by sedentary carriers
of Chiyalik ceramics who professed Islam.

Introduction. The Kalmyks are a Mongolic Buddhist people that arrived in the Volga region
in the 17th century. The specific ethnic features of Buddhism professed by the Kalmyks took shape
over centuries of Russian suzerainty and were determined by various historical factors, including
prolonged remoteness from Buddhist centers, the total eradication of Buddhist monasteries and
centuries-long ban on spiritual guidance experienced in the 20th century, and the official Buddhist
restoration by the early 21st century. Goals. The work aims at identifying and comparing traditional
and contemporary Buddhist thangka patterns as elements to mirror particular features of Kalmyk
iconography, as essential objects of religious cult and cultural heritage at large. Results. The paper
shows that in the pre-20th century period Kalmyks used different techniques for producing thangkas —
painting, embroidery, and applique ones. In the late 18th century onwards, imports of religious attributes
from Tibet and Mongolia were restricted, and the role of art workshops affiliated to local Buddhist
temples increased. That resulted in further development of thangka painting schools and the shaping
of somewhat ethnic style in depicting Buddhist deities characterized by certain differences from
canonical images. The old thangkas from private and public collections have served a basis for the
restoration of ethnic painting traditions integral to Kalmykia’s Buddhism proper. The contemporary
practices of producing divine images are closely related to stages in the regional development of
Buddhism from the late 20th century to the present, lay Buddhist experiences, women’s leisure-time
activities, and ethnic entrepreneurship. The study concludes contemporary Kalmyk needlewomen are
guided by traditional rules of religious craftsmanship.  

Introduction. The article deals with the k-pop cover dance direction as one of the
movements globalizing the youth environment. Nowadays, the K-pop youth subculture has reached
a significant number of teenage schoolchildren with its popularity. Currently, belonging to the K-pop
subculture and its dance practices are becoming integral to creating new global identities for young
people. Goals. The study aims to examine the richness of K-pop components through dance culture,
especially popular among school-age teenagers. Materials. The work primarily analyzes the author’s
field materials with the aid of the structural/functional method, that of included observation, as well
as interviews (narrative, semi-structured) with respondents. Results and Conclusions. The paper
concludes that Kalmyk K-pop fans form a bi-ethnic identity in which a combination of features of
both — their own and other ethnic cultures — is equally manifested. At the same time, K-pop cover
dance proves the most accessible way to get socialized and develop imagination (i.e., a leisure-time
activity) in present-day youth culture.

Introduction. The written heritage of Kalmyk Buddhist priests, their daily practices,
liturgical repertoire still remain a poorly studied page in the history of Buddhism among Mongolic
peoples in the 20th century. The survived collections, clusters of religious texts prove instrumental
in revealing most interesting aspects of their activities, efforts aimed at preservation of Buddhist
teachings, their popularization and dissemination among believers. Goals. The paper examines
two Oirat copies of the Precepts of the Omniscient [Manjushri] from N. D. Kichikov’s collection,
transliterates and translates the original texts, provides a comparative analysis, and notes differences
therein that had resulted from the scribe’s work, thereby introducing the narratives into scientific
circulation. Materials. The article describes two Oirat manuscripts bound in the form of a notebook
and contained in different bundles/collections of Buddhist religious texts stored at Ketchenery
Museum of Local History and Lore. As is known, the collection is largely compiled from texts that
belonged to the famous Kalmyk Buddhist monk Namka (N. D. Kichikov). Results. The analysis of
the two Oirat texts with identical titles — Precepts of the Omniscient [Manjushri] — shows that their
contents coincide generally but both the texts contain fragmented omissions (separate words, one or
several sentences) that are present in the other. At the same time, when omitting fragments of the
text addressed to the monastic community, the scribe was obviously guided by that those would be
superfluous for the laity. Thus, our comparative analysis of the two manuscript copies demonstrates
the sometimes dramatic role of the scribe in transmitting Buddhist teachings.

Introduction. The article discusses the linguistic manifestation of prohibition semantics
in Tuvan, analyzes the grammatical and lexical means of its expression, determines the semantic
differences of the prohibition indicators and their functional/stylistic features. Goals. The paper aims
to describe the grammatical and lexical means of expressing the semantics of prohibition in modern
Tuvan, to analyze their meanings, pragmatic and stylistic functions. Materials and Methods. The study
employs the descriptive method, functional/semantic and communicative/pragmatic approaches. The
research material was provided by examples from digital sources of Tuvan-language texts available
at: http://www.tuvancorpus.ru/. Results. The research of Tuvan language materials confirms the data
from typologically different languages that indicators of the negative imperative are stylistically
universal transmitters of the prohibitive meaning. Other means of expressing prohibition — besides
the negative form of the future tense –бас — are stylistically marked. When it comes to express a
prohibition, intonation holds an important place since it interacts with the former’s formal indicators
proper, context and communicative situation. The paper identifies several types of prohibition (the
prohibitive) that have received grammatical and lexical expressions in the Tuvan language — the
regulative, preventive, constative, and corrective. Semantically, a comparatively wider range of
prohibition values is possessed by the analytical form Tv-п болбас ― a special grammatical indicator
of prohibition expressing the regulative, preventive, and constative. For other grammatical means
within this system of indicative indicators, transfer of prohibition values is not a key function of
theirs. This is the case of the future negative -бас (regulative, preventive) and the past -ды. The
latter conveys a value of the admonitive. The system of lexical and grammatical means of expressing
prohibition is distinguished by the lexemes хоржок (preventive), болзун, адыр (corrective) that
have no certain part of speech status within the modern language. The prohibition lexeme болзун
is a grammaticalization of the verb бол- in the meaning ‘to finish’ for the third imperative. There
are two verbs бол- and сокса- that implicitly express prohibition/correction. The considered lexicogrammatical and lexical means of prohibition belong to the colloquial style. The formal style employs
a number of special lexemes with the meaning of the regulative formed from the stem хору-. This
word-formation nest includes verbs, adjectives, adverbs. The results of the study in the functional/
semantic field of prohibition in the Tuvan language shall be demanded in further research on modality
in the Turkic and other languages.

Introduction. Exploration of family anthroponyms associated with names of social titles
and ranks on the basis of factual materials is of special significance, especially when it comes to
examine the former in several essential perspectives. Goals. The study primarily aims at considering
family names derived from social titles and ranks in historical /etymological and lexical/semantic
perspectives. Restoration of some ancient names that have got completely excluded from the historical
anthroponymic system is possible through analysis of surnames recorded in historical documents. The
article seeks to determine the actual methods of deriving surnames from social titles and ranks, as
well as to establish correspondences between historical facts and transformed (at certain stages of
social life) concepts that had been once used to denote such titles and ranks further manifested in
anthroponyms. Materials and Methods. The work analyzes surnames derived from titles and ranks
registered in the scientific two-volume edition ‘Documents and Materials on Bashkir History, 1836–
1842: Formulary Lists of Civil Servants Attached to the Bashkir-Mishar Tatar Host, 1836–1842’. The
study employs a number of linguistic methods, such as the descriptive, etymological, comparative,
and statistical ones. Results. Thus, the historical and etymological analysis of surnames derived from
the onyms хан ~ ҡан ‘khan ~ qan’, бәк ~ бик ‘beg ~ b(e)ik’, бей ‘bey’, батыр ‘ba(gha)tur’, алп,
алып ‘alp’, шаҡман ‘shaqman’ makes it possible conclude as to the significance of titles and ranks
in the formation of Bashkir anthroponymy. For example, the insight into the onym хан ~ ҡан serving
an anthroponymic basis reveals that the institution of khanate had existed in Bashkir society since
ancient times, long before the Golden Horde, which resulted in that ҡан (хан) — stemmed family
onyms (as well as related phonetic versions of the lexeme) were widespread enough. The paper also
shows that surnames containing the title lexeme бик were much more common than those derived
from the form бек. Another finding is that quite a share of discovered Bashkir surnames were derived
from ranks bestowed to war heroes (батыр, алп, шаҡман, алдар). 

Introduction. Gennady Bashkuev’s works attempt to comprehend the late Soviet and postSoviet eras, and To Kill Time proves a most significant prose work of the writer. Goals. The article
seeks to identify and analyze the relationship between the system of characters in the novel and its
motif structure, which helps clarify the underlying idea of the work, eclectic in structure and close
in form to a short story cycle. Methods. The study rests on the theses about a relationship between
semantics of motif and character, predicativity of motif, and on the concept of motif complexes and
leitmotif construction of the narrative. Results. The main character of the novel is the narrator, the
narrative proper divided into childhood memories and those of recent past. The characters of childhood
can be clustered into three groups: family, friends, adults —motifs of happiness, celebration, romantic
dreams and that of loss are associated with them. The characters of adulthood are women and
childhood friends who are associated with motifs of marginal life, betrayal, guilt, and that of romance.
The motifs of ‘childhood’ and ‘adulthood’ memories are intertwined, and it is the motif structure
that ensures the integrity of the narrative. The key role in the novel is played by the binary image —
the saleswoman Inga and the city madwoman — that combines two main themes for the narrator’s
self-reflection: childhood and women. The plot structure partly fits into the universal mythological
scheme: a series of trials — sketches-events from the life of the autobiographical narrator — is built
into somewhat a ‘mythological journey’ to finally end with the acquisition of ‘elixir’ — catharsis
and spiritual liberation. Conclusions. The image of the protagonist, the narrator, is explicated in the
text and is revealed in the system of motifs associated with characters of his memories. Analysis of
the character system proves instrumental in revealing key ideas of the novel and interpreting its title:
those are reflections about time that become a focus of the author’s viewpoint uniting the seemingly
disparate stories.

Introduction. In the genre system of Kalmyk poetry, the literary fable appeared in the
1930s. When it came to master the genre, Kalmyk poets mainly focused on the traditions of Russian
fable of the 19th–20th centuries, primarily on I. A. Krylov’s works which they eagerly translated. The
Kalmyk authors were the least likely to rely on traditions of Eastern literature — whether Indian,
Tibetan, or Oirat Mongolian — since those sources written in Tibetan, Classical Mongolian and
Clear Script (Kalm. todo bichiq) were virtually unavailable to them, and not all poets had knowledge
of the scripts. National folklore, including myths, animal tales, household tales, aphoristic poetry
(proverbs, sayings, riddles), to a certain extent contributed to the creation of plots and motifs, a
gallery of images ― people and the animal world ― in the Kalmyk literary fable. The appeal to the
fable was determined by the tasks of cultural construction in Kalmykia, the satirical possibilities of
the genre designed to scourge social vices and human shortcomings, contribute to the correction
of morals, facilitate education of a person in the new society. Attention to the fable in 20th-century
Kalmyk poetry was not that universal and constant, by the end of the century it was no longer in
demand and never revived further. The Kalmyk literary fable has been little studied so far, with
the exception of several recent articles by R. M. Khaninova, which determines the relevance of this
study. Goals. The article aims to study zoopoetics of text of the animalistic fable in Kalmyk poetry
of the past century through examples of selected works by Khasyr Syan-Belgin, Muutl Erdniev,
Garya Shalburov, Basang Dordzhiev, Timofey Bembeev, and Mikhail Khoninov. Methods. The work
employs a number of research methods, such as the historical literary, comparative, and descriptive
ones. Results. The animalistic fable is not the leading one in the general genre system of Kalmyk poetry
of the past century, including among fables with human characters. It usually includes characters of
the steppe fauna whose figurative characteristics are manifested in Kalmyk folklore. The social satire
and political orientation of the fables are actualized by modern reality, actual international situation
and events. The paper reveals a relationship between the animal fable and — Kalmyk folklore and the Russian fable tradition. Most of the fables have not yet been translated into Russian. Conclusions.
In terms of national versification patterns, the study of the Kalmyk poetic animal fable has identified
such synthetic forms as fable-fairy tale, fable-proverb, and fable-dream. The genre definition is not
always specified by the authors, a moral usually concludes each quatrain-structured narrative. Genre
scenes, monologues, and dialogues contribute to an in-depth reading of the context, symbolism of
images, and semantic code.

Introduction. At present, people’s interest in the historical and ethnocultural heritage has
increased, and the desire to preserve traditional values for future generations has grown stronger.
Song recordings made in the 19th – 20th centuries are evidence of the developed musical and song
tradition of the Bashkir people. Due to the collecting efforts of M. A. Burangulov, A. N. Kireev,
S. A. Galin, N. D. Shunkarov and others, a whole layer of folk songs has been preserved. During
expeditions that have been intensified since the beginning of the 21st century by the Institute of
History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
folklorists are working hard to multifacetedly cataloguize folk knowledge, on the basis of which one
can judge the state of traditional modern folklore of the Bashkirs. In our understanding, ‘modern
folklore’ is folklore that has existed since the middle of the 20th century to the present, regardless of
the environment of existence. Goals. This work aims to consider the genres of traditional musical
folklore of the Bashkirs that have survived today, to give a brief description of them, and also to
analyze them from the viewpoint of assessing the modern spiritual state of the ethnos. Unlike other
genres, musical genres are well preserved in the memory of the population. It is the song and takmaks
that are the main genres of modern Bashkir oral and poetic creativity, which makes it possible to
reveal the dynamics of the development of folklore. Materials and Methods. The research is based
on the author’s expedition materials collected in the 21st century in different regions of the Republic
of Bashkortostan and beyond, where the Bashkirs live compactly. They retain collective axiological
attitudes and serve as a way of expressing shared emotions. These genres have a high level of demand
among the population and therefore quantitatively prevail in expedition records. Folk songs are kept in
the memory of people — bearers of folk musical culture, and are not recorded by them in writing. The
transmission of musical and folklore works occurs orally. This means that any folk song is perceived
and absorbed by each new generation by ear directly at the moment of sounding. Occasionally, songs
can be recorded along with their stories and legends. The availability of songwriting histories is a
characteristic feature of Bashkir folk songs. Many songs lose their names over time, but they do not
completely disappear from the memory of the people, as evidenced by the comments of informants
characterizing these works in expressions, such as ‘my mother’s song’, ‘this song was performed by
my father’, etc. This phenomenon reflects the strong cultural connection between generations, when
performers with special trepidation cherish the memory of their relatives and can reproduce the tune
once performed by their father or mother. Along with drawling songs, short four-line songs without a
title, drinking songs and takmaks are also common. Takmaks, in turn, are distributed not only orally
but also in writing. Modern takmaks are distinguished by great mobility and efficiency, they instantly
respond to urgent problems. In the light of recent events, takmaks have appeared on the topic of a
pandemic, self-isolation, and online training. Results. A review of folklore materials collected in
recent decades shows that the musical genres of Bashkir folklore continue to exist, which means that
it is necessary to study not only the current state of the Bashkir song heritage but also its evolution.  The folk song, folk singing traditions must be passed on to the younger generation, and only then the
folk culture will develop and be preserved for future generations.